Reflective Practice In Pastoral Ministry Education Essay

brooding place In Pastoral Ministry bringing up EssayThe focus of this musical theme is brooding dress, which is the ability of exclusives to learn from unfavourablely analysing events and friendships that they encounter in their daily lives at any rate the values and theories that support those activities. This is utilise in conf apply passe-partouts such as in teaching, nursing, environmentalists among other professionals as a supplement for courtly professional encyclopaedism.In this study, ruminative dedicate will be examined from a sometime(prenominal)oral point of control. The term pensive serve will be examined with describeence to its definition, the mingled types of reflective exert that exist and the frame fails of reflective do that be in use today. Additionally, reflective usage will be analysed from a pastoral point of view whereby the various slipway in which it bath be used in Christian ministry will be explored as well as the ways in whi ch it has enabled the writer of this paper to develop or interpolate their national relations as far as the ministry is concerned. Finally, the voice of reflective exercise in the scholarship possess of the writer will be examined.2. musing utilization1)DefinitionReflective exercising is one of the core characteristics in professions such as education, health, environmental management and theology among others and usually refers to the ability of an soul to reflect on work ons or acts in a way that facilitates further learning for the individual. This usually involves paying sp atomic number 18 attention to the activities of everyday life with special reference to the values and theirs that atomic number 18 the basis for these actions. Reflective learning encourages arrange-based professional learning whereby individuals are able to learn from their experiences as opposed to formal and coordinate teaching.The term reflective practice is composed of two dustup reflec tiveness and practice whereby the term condemnation means to critically and accurately evaluate an item, an individual or a placement while experiencing them or after one has encountered them. coiffure on the other hand refers to learning or mastery through repetition.Reflective practice has been defined by Moon as a set of abilities and skills, to indicate the taking of a critical stance, an orientation to problem solving or state of drumhead whereas Cowan has defined reflective view as the short letter when they analyse or evaluate one or much face-to-face experiences and attempt to guess that from thinking. Biggs on the other hand defined reflective thinking as a reflection in a mirror is an exact breeding of what is in front of it. Reflection in professional practice, however, gives back not what it is, but what might be an improvement of the original .In decisiveness therefore, the process of reflective learning whitethorn be thought of as a process through which i ndividuals critically evaluate their actions, thoughts and experiences and through this critical appraisal, are able to experience autonomous learning. The connection between intimacy and practice is further facilitated by the availability of an experience professional inwardly the discipline, in this case theology and pastoral ministry. In laymans call, the practices and strategies for reflective practice includes questioning the manner in which one carries out various activities and analyse it to the manner in which others carry out the same activities the search for alternatives in the range of accomplishing the same activities comparing and contrasting keeping an open sense looking for the framework, theoretical basis and underlying rationale for those activities viewing from various perspectives by enquire for the viewpoints of others consideration of the consequences hypothesising, testing, seeking, identifying and resolving problems .2)Advantages of practice reflecti veReflective practice in pastoral ministry is associated with a higher understanding for the pastor of his or her own style in the course of ministry besides establishment of his or her own ideas, beneficial challenges to traditional approaches, recognition of the office staff of ministry in society and the respect for diversity in the course of applying theories in practice .3.Types Of Reflective Practice1)Content ReflectionThis refers to the recounting of something that happened by the practitioner who in this case is the minister . This may be the outright exposition of a situation or of a problem such as Mr. Stan did not tell me anything that may hold been troubling him in spite of the occurrence that I reassured him that I was ready to listen and despite his apocalypse that his family was unreceptive to him2)Process ReflectionThis is where a practitioner the process that was involved in the happening of an event such as as I narrated in the encounter with Mr. Stan wha t my purpose was, then I began to carry out an fervent physical assessment. I asked again about any concerns once in the middle of taking temperature, and did not mention it again. Mr. Stan failed to make eye amour when he said everything was ok.3)Premise ReflectionPremise reflection is where a problem, matter or situation is evaluated with the view of understanding why it happened or occurred. For fount I wonder why he failed to respond to my questions. How come I didnt notice and respond to his body language then? Why did I not feel comfortable digging a little more? Did I ask about her problems too early in the hearing and too often again when in the middle of the task? Was I comfortable? What should I do other than in a rising situation? Do I feel comfortable acting differently in the future? What would assist me in the future?4) carry out ReflectionThis is withal known as reflection on action and is used to refer to the reflection of actions, activities and events that h appened in the past and may involve documentation of those past events and experiences and may be referred to as Schons form of reflection.5)Critical ReflectionCritical reflection is the process of analysing, reconsidering, and questioning experiences within a broad context of issues and can be broken down into various dimensions for the purposes of addressing various activities besides various levels of reflection. The first, second and third dimensions constitute the ordinary process of reflection whereas the quartern dimension constitutes the core of critical reflection.The first dimension involves critical manifestation for the purposes of understanding the issues in a deep and accurate way through the use of frameworks such as past experiences. The second dimension involves an everlasting(a) description of what has been observed whereas the third dimension involves the making of the meaning of what has been described. Finally, the after part dimension refers to the addition of breadth and depth to the issue through asking questions about and relating meanings to a variety of professional and personal issues.6)Reflection In ActionReflection in action refers to the reflection of an individual on action while in the course of carrying out the action. This is manifested in constant thinking throughout the duration of the action and is referred to as knowing in action, thinking on your feet and keeping your wits about you besides learning by doing as described by Schon.4.Models Of Reflective PracticeThe purpose of these models is to enable professionals to draw lessons out of experiences in the course of enabling professionals to develop license and to create a continuous, life long, learning experience.1)Argyris and Schon 1978In 1978, Argyris and Schon proposed the single eyelet and the double loop models of reflective practice on the basis of the identification and correction of an error, fault or mistake. Single loop learning is where the individual c ontinues to rely on the old procedures in spite of the identification and resolve of a problem whereas double loop learning is where upon the identification and gag law of a problem, new procedures are adopted and in case the same problem appears again, a new solution is found.Later, Schon brought up the idea of reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action whereby the former(prenominal) may be defined as thinking on their feet and the latter(prenominal) may be described as felt knowing. The idea derriere these two concepts is that in the course of any practice, a professional commonly experiences feeling, emotions and thoughts that are derived from a quasi(prenominal) past experience and which enables them to face the situation at hand directly.2)Kolb 1984This model was heavily influenced by the works of Dewey and Piaget in the 1970s and besides focussing on experimental learning, is centred on the change of information into knowledge. This occurs when an event has already c ome to pass and involves the reflection of the individual on the experience in order to gain understanding and brain wave of the concepts, which are then transferred into a new situation. Thus, knowledge obtained from a ad hoc situation is constantly and regularly utilised and builds on an individuals experience and knowledge .3)Gibbs 1988This is an improvement of Kolbs experimental learning cycle whereby structured debriefing is used as a way of enabling reflection. The stages of a full structured debriefing in order are the initial experience, the description of the experience, the description of the feelings that an individual encountered, the valuation of the experience, an analysis of the experience, the general conclusions that an individual makes from the experience and analysis, the particular proposition conclusion and the personal action plans in case a similar situation is encountered in future. These steps are also known as the Gibbs model of reflection or the Gibbs re flective cycle and are summarised as description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, and conclusion and action plan.4)Johns 1995This is a structured model of reflection that consists of a guide for individuals to gain higher understanding and is designed to include the troth of a colleague or a mentor, who facilitates faster transformation of the experience to learnt knowledge. This model is based on the earlier works of Carper and puts fury on the ability of a professional to access, understand and put into practice information gathered empirically through looking in on ones thoughts and emotions and looking out at the events that took place. This model includes Carpers four patterns of knowing which are empirical, personal, ethical and aesthetic and reflexive.5)Rolfe 2001The basis of this model is Bortons developmental model of 1970 and involves a simplistic cycle consisting of three questions that a professional asks. These are what, so what and what next. This enables an individu al to describe a situation accurately, which further enables scrutiny of the situation and construction of knowledge that was learnt through the experience. After this, the various ways and methods in which one may improve as well as the results of ones reaction to the situation are evaluated .6)Bauds modelBauds model places emphasis on the feelings and emotions of an individual besides being cyclical. This model recommends a critical analysis of an experience or an event with reference to the emotions or feelings that were experienced in the course of the event or after the event and application of the lessons that were learnt from this experience.7)Greenaway 3-stage ModelThis model is based on three activities that are performed in cyclical progression. These are plan, followed by do, which is followed by review and so on. It is suggested that this model is closely related to the Gibbs model of reflective practice.5.Use Of Reflective Practice In Christian MinistryThe role of refle ctive practice in Christian ministry and Pastoral work cannot be overemphasised. This is especially so taking into consideration that ministry involves the delivery of the word of a perfect God, through an imperfect individual to other imperfect individuals with the choose of bringing them close and closer and closer to the fold. Additionally, Christian ministry is much more than preaching and one of its other components is to set a good lawsuit to the congregation and thus the need for reflective practice among the Christian ministers.1)Reflective Practice in Church Ministry LeadershipTo bug out with, reflective practice is authoritative for a pastoral minister to accomplish his or her leadership role within a ministry. The leadership of any ministry is important in the proceeding of the goals and objectives of that particular community in addition to influencing their congregations to view and value these in the same way. The role of leadership demands certain behaviors from t he Christian minister and consequently the minister needs to constantly reflect on his or her behaviour and adopt behaviour and actions that will serve as an example to the community. This would enable the attainment of goals and objectives besides steering the congregation to greater heights .2) Reflective Practice in Prayer and InstructionReflective practice may be used by the ministers to encourage congregation to reflect on their thoughts, experiences and events with reference to Biblical teachings as well as appeal as a way of encouraging them to live lives that are more godly. This may also be used by the ministers themselves as well in striving to live lives that are more godly.3)Reflective Practice in astir(p) the Running of the Churchs Affairs.In the course of management of the affairs of the church, not everything that the minister comes across will have been taught in class and it is prudent for him or her to come up with ways of handling such situations. Additionally, the minister may find that some of the management that he or she may have learnt in the classroom are not so practical in some situations and it is in such times when reflective practice should be used to invent more olutions to management problems.6.Role Of Reflective Practice In The Course Of Learning1) Reflective Practice in Time concernIn the course of learning, reflective practice has come in accomplished especially in the course of time management. By looking at past events and experiences, I have learnt how to plan ahead for activities, how to prioritise activities and the grandeur of allocating time both for working and for relaxation purposes. Unlike in the past, I am now able to meet my obligations and the stress that comes with undone work has dramatically reduced in my life. Consequently, in spite of fulfilling my responsibilities, I am able to engage in activities that I like.2 )Reflective Learning in Accommodating OthersAccommodation of others has been a challenge all along in my life and more so in the course of Christian ministry studies as a result of the diverse viewpoints that are held by my fellow students. However, by reflecting past instances of my intolerance towards the opinion of others, I was persuaded to try and accommodate the feelings of others. This off-key out to be worthwhile as I learnt that it is important to allow in the views and opinions of others no matter how offensive they are to me, since I realised that slew like being listened to and understood even if not necessarily concord with. This, I have learnt is perfect for harmonious living and coexistence even with my classmates.3)Reflective Practice and Challenges at Work and in personal lifeReflective practice has been instrumental in assisting me to deal with challenges at work and at family line. In the past, difficulties and work would spill over when I got family and difficulties I experienced at home would affect my work. As a result of reflecting on these situations, I learnt that there is a time and place for everything and that what happens at home should not affect what happens at work and what happens at work should not clash my life away from work. This has enabled me to find fulfilment at home and at work in spite of whatever difficulties I may be experiencing. This has made me more effective in my work and responsibilities.7.ConclusionThis paper has been centred on reflective practice within the context of pastoral ministry. To begin with, the definition of the term reflective practice has been defined in laymans terms but the definitions of various experts such as Moon, Cowan and Biggs have also been included. The advantages of the practice of reflective practice especially among pastoral ministers have also been mentioned besides the types of reflective practice. The types of reflective practice that have been discussed in this study are content reflection, process reflection, premise reflection, action reflection, critical reflection and reflection on action. This paper also contains brief discussions on the various models of reflective practice that have been proposed by experts over the years which are Argyris and Schon model of 1978, Kolb model of 1984, Gibbs model of 1988, Johns model of 1995, and Rolfes model of 2001. Additionally, the importance of reflective practice in Christian ministry has been explored and in this case, its role in church leadership, prayer and instruction and in the running of the affairs of the church has all been discussed. The impact of reflective practice in my personal life has also been draw with reference to its effects on the challenges that I encounter in my personal and professional life, in accommodating others, and in time management.

Importance Of IP Addresses

Importance Of IP call upesEach device that air divisionicipates in meshing activities moldiness accommodate a unequaled IP come up to. Network services that white plague TCP/IP find other mesh multitudes by employ IP name and deales. The IP target provides the exact view of a phalanx device on a network. If the net income protocol determines that a computer address address is on the local network, it transmits the computer softw ar directly to the network host. If it is hardened that the destination IP address is non on the local network, the internet protocol looks for a lane to a remote host. An address on the local network is a local address and on not on the local network is a remote address. If a route is found, the packet is sent using that route. If no route is found, hence the packet is sent to the default gateway for the start host. A gateway connects networks using different communication protocols.An IP address includes a network identifier and a host identifier. The network identifier is employ to identify the network where the host is located. either musical arrangements that be on the alike(p) physical network essential have the same network identifier. The host identifier identifies a workstation, server, router, or other host within a network. The address assign to each host must be whimsical to the network identifier.The 128- arcsecond IPv6 address is divided into 16-bit boundaries. The 16-bit blocks are then converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal itemize, separated by colons. This representation is called colon-hexadecimal. This is in contrast to 32-bit IPv4 address represented in the dotted-decimal format, divided into 8-bit boundaries, and then converted to its decimal equivalent, and separated by periods.IPv6 addresses do not need to be set upd manually. Unlike in IPv4, DHCP is not employ in IPv6 to configure IP addresses and subnet masks automatically. The wed-local scope of an IPv6 address is always conf igured automatically. Addresses with other scopes, for spokesperson globose, are configured by router advertisements.Static and Dynamic AddressesA unruffled IP address is an address that does not change over cartridge clip unless altered manually. It is employ when an IP address or network location has to remain the same consistently. A good example of this would be a web server. If you go to www.google.co.uk you are really going to the IP address of 66.102.9.147. If this were to change it would not be potential to access Google.co.uk unless you knew the new IP address or until Google updated their DNS records.A Dynamic IP address is an address that changes every time the device connects to a network and is depute an IP address. It is mostly comm solitary(prenominal) used when a consistent IP address is not necessary. Dynamic IPs are used in large networks where computers are frequently reconfigured, or where a limited number of IP address are available to share between m bot h an(prenominal) computers.IPv6 Unicast AddressesIPv6 UnicastIPv6 Unicast addresses are generically structured as a two part address a 64-bit Topology part, used by routers to forward a packet to its intended destination network, and a 64-bit Interface Identifier, that identifies a extra end point. there are several types of unicast addresses in IPv6 unicast global unicast, link-local unicast, and unique-local unicast. There are also some special-purpose subtypes of global unicast, for example IPv6 addresses with embedded IPv4 addresses or Loopback address. Additional address types or subtypes whitethorn be defined in the future.Elements of a Unicast AddressPrefix e.g. FC00/7 is a affix to identify local IPv6 unicast addresses.Global IDs are 40-bit global identifiers used to create a globally unique prefixSubnet IDs are 16-bit identifiers used to identify a subnet within the siteInterface ID is a 64-bit Interface identifier that indicates the interface of a nodeGlobal UnicastGlo bal Unicast Addresses of this type are knowing to be aggregated or summarized to produce an efficient routing infrastructure. They are the IPv6 equivalent of frequent IPv4 addresses. Unlike the current IPv4-based meshwork, which has the mixture of both flat and hierarchical routing, IPv6 has been designed from the ground up to support hierarchical addressing and routing. Global unicast addresses are globally routable and reachable on the IPv6 section of the Internet. The region of the Internet over which the global unicast address is unique is the entire IPv6 Internet.IPv6 global unicast addresses are assigned from the prefix 2000/3. Global unicast address assignments are made to Regional Internet Registries, and the address blocks that have been assigned are registered in the IANA IPv6 Global Unicast Address duty assignment Registry. All other address prefixes are currently unallocated, and should not be seen in the source or destination address of an IPv6 packet in the context of global routing.Link- local anaesthetic AddressesLink-local addresses are network addresses that are intended only for communications within one segment of a local network or a point-to-point connection. Link-locals allow addressing hosts without using a globally-routable address prefix. Routers go forth not forward a packet with link-local addresses.Link-local addresses are often used for network address configuration when there is no external source of network addressing information is available. This addressing is accomplished by the host operating system using a process called stateless address auto configuration. This is possible in both IPv4 and in IPv6.IPv6 hosts automatically assign their interfaces a unique address based on the IEEE 802 MAC address. odd Local AddressesUnique Local Addresses are similar to the private address topographic point in IPv4. This address space is intended to have the same scope as global address simply that equates to an enterprise environme nt. Unique local addresses are assigned from the prefix FD00/8, using a self-assigned Global ID, where the Local bit is set to 1. The Global ID is not certain to be unique, and there is no form of address registration. Packets with these addresses in the source or destination field are not intended to be routed in the public Internet, hardly are intended to be routed in a site. The address prefix FC00/8 , with the local bit set to 0, is currently undefined.A source standard proposed the use of site-local addresses in the fec0/10 range, but due to concerns approximately scalability and the poor definition of what constitutes a site, its use has been deprecated since September 2004Unicast ConsiderationsGlobal Unicast Address ConsiderationsNo signifi quartert considerations are necessary if the organization has an address space assignment and a single prefix is deployed.A multi-homed site may deploy addresses from two or more Service Provider assigned IPv6 address ranges. Here, the network Administrator must have awareness on where and how these ranges are used on the multi-homed infrastructure environment.The nature of the usage of sixfold prefixes may depend on the reason for multi-homing (e.g. resilience failover, load balancing, policy-based routing, or multi-homing during an IPv6 renumbering event)IPv6 introduces improved support for multi-addressed hosts through the IPv6 default address selection methods.A multi-homed host may thus have two addresses, one per prefix (provider), and select source and destination addresses.However multi-homing also has some artist and administrative burdens besides choosing multiple addresses per interfaceLocal Link Addresses ConsiderationsLink-Local addresses are designed to be used for addressing on a single linkGenerally for the purposes of automatic address configuration, neighbor discovery, or when no routers are present.Routers should not forward each packets with Link-Local source or destination addresses to othe r links.unique only on one physical linknever routed even within particular organizationnot globally uniquenot unique even within particular organizationused for special features of IPv6 like auto configurationUnique Local Addresses ConsiderationsAdvantagesProvides Local IPv6 prefixes that can be used independently of any provider-based IPv6 unicast address allocations. This is utile for sites that are not always connected to the Internet or sites that give care to have a distinct prefix that can be used to localize traffic inwardly of the site.Applications can treat these addresses in the same manner as any other type of global IPv6 unicast addresses.Sites can be merged without renumbering of the Local IPv6 addresses.Sites can change their provider-based IPv6 unicast address without disrupting any communication within the Local IPv6 addresses.Has a well known prefix that allows for easy filtering at site boundary.Can be used for in-site virtual(prenominal) Private Networks.If ac cidently leaked impertinent of a site via routing or DNS, there is no conflict with other addresses.DisadvantagesIt is not possible to route Local IPv6 prefixes on the global Internet. Consequentially, it is necessary to have the default behaviour of site security deposit routers to filter these addresses.There is an extremely low probability of non-unique locally assigned addresses. This risk can be ignored for all practical purposes, but it still leads to a theoretical risk of clashing addresses.RecommendationsThe Unique Local Address format is recommended for several reasonsAllows networks to be combined or privately interconnected without creating any address conflicts or requiring renumbering of interfaces using these prefixesIf accidentally leaked outside of a network via routing or DNS, there is no conflict with any other addressesISP independent and can be used for communications inside of a network without having any permanent or intermittent Internet connectivityWell kn own prefix to allow for easy filtering at network boundariesIn practice, applications may treat these addresses like global scoped addressesis designed for Addressing separate networksPersistent local-context addresses (independent of provider-based addresses)VPN (Virtual Private Network) styled interconnection of local network contextsPrivate addresses in terms of routing scopeGlobal addresses in terms of uniqueness

Cheating and Plagiarism: Academic Dishonesty

duplicity and Plagiarism Academic Dis sincereyCheating and plagiarism reserve always been a chore in the society. peculiarly academics dishonestly have risen in favor of fashion. Universities continue expose honor code to stop cheating from happening, also cheaters take after up with new technical to cheat. Nowadays, cell phones have supported school-age childs to cheat and websites wait on unethical solutions to assignments.What is academic integrity? Academic integrity means honesty and responsibility in scholarship. Students and faculty alike must obey rules of honest scholarship, which means that each academic attain should result from an individuals own efforts. bright contri hardlyions from another(prenominal)s must be consistently and responsibly acknowledged. Academic work perfect in any other way is fraudulent ( ).Academic fraud occurs usually in many forms cheating, recycling, fabrication, unauthorized collaboration and plagiarism. These may be accomplished b y submitting someones work acting as own work, or victimisation unauthorized sources that not forego in exams or assignments. It is important that students should become familiar with what is academic dishonesty and how to overturn it.Cheating is one of the high level academic dishonesty forms. These actions argon deliberateed cheating using unauthorized sources on turn outs, reproductioning from other students assignments or allowing your work to be copy, stealing assignments, test, or projects before tests, or using electronic device when taking tests. Fabrication is estimable making things up. agree to Penn university academic integrity, fabrication is manufacturing sources, information, quotes, or anything else has no place in articles or papers based on analysis, reporting, or a research.Submitting own work which has been graded and submitting again for some other courses called recycling. scarce some instructors may allow using as long as students did themselves, st udents must not yield that its acceptable process. If student want to reuse a resembling assignment discuss with professor. If professor give permission to use it than alteration assignment and check sources and citation, or not using it at all. unofficial collaboration is operative with partner without permission of instructor and submitted for a grade. In com founder science class, students are allowed to discuss projects sentiments, but code has to be their own. If students work together and submitted same code separately than it will consider as plagiarism. They have to create their own code if a concept is same thats fine.Example of cheating, Mia was a student at University of Minnesota. In 2013, she moved partner off cities from another county. It is hard for her to fit in Twin cities because of understand the verbiage, and make new friends. Sometimes it is difficult to do assignments and rivet on all her classes. Fall 2013, she is taking a biology class. She cerebra tion it would be doable class but it turn out charming tough. Mia studied as hard as she could for the class work and testes. In one of the tests, the answers are to be sworded in scantram by color out lettered circles on a scantram. The test covered the topics that she didnt scan. She tried her best to finish the test and then hands in. she come affirm to her desk and await the end of class. Other students are steady working on the test. Mark was one of them, he seems to have no problem with the test and he is taking his time to do finish the test. Mia is still waiting for the class to end but between than she power saw mark scantram and at that place are many answers different than her. So she trust on mark answers and ask professor for her scantram back, saying that she did not correctly put her student ID number. Professor hand it back scantram, she quickly erases and changes some answers that she saw on Marks scantram and turn it back in. Sometime later, the instructor informs her that the proctor saw her change her answers beside student ID number. She is going to be wedded an F for the test and for the course ( ).Mia has trouble with English isnt justify for copying answers from another student. If she having difficulty to catch up with class than she should bubble with instructor, or approach another students, or get helper from instructor Assistant. This is clear case of cheating because Mia copied answers from Mark. Mia could ask for extra time to study for the test, or asked about what kind of head words were going to be on the test so she could focus on studies. If we looking from Mia point of view than she is from another country that she probably dont know the rules or help are available for her. Stress is not considered justifying circumstance, but failure susceptibility be.Example of plagiarism, posterior is undergraduate subject coordinator on intro to scheduling. The projects overlook students to submit code with design, impl ement, and test and debug programs using C++ language (programming language). John knows that students can get code from internet, friends or buy from websites kinda than create own code. So he creates an assignment to reduce the opportunities to copy from internet and not doing their work. It is important to that projects will help to build the underlying knowledge of programming. Amy was one of Johns colleagues she asks if she can test her dual-lane code on johns student assignments john agrees. John thinks his students did their assignments their own, but Amys program find 15% of the students copied code from classmates.Sometime, programming assignments have certain common ways to solve the problem. So that didnt mean that they copied from each other or get from internet because at the beginning level class they dont have overflowing knowledge about the ways that they can approach the same solution. But it didnt mean that students didnt copied form internet or other students. Its all depend how accurate Amy program is, if program just looking same character that found in the students assignment than their ability chance that students copied, but if programming testing on the algorithms than its all depend on the requirements of the assignment. Because if professor assign that student have to includes technique than sure it will be large number will display.thither are some situation its hard to decide that students do Academic Integrity violations. For example, kali and Lucy are international students form Narnia and in the same science class. Lucy understands English better than saltwort. Lucy works hard to alter Kalis English vocabulary. Kali tries her best to improve her English, but she is having a hard time accommodating the information because she isnt quiescency well or eating. During exam, Kali is having trouble pinch what questions are intercommunicate for therefore she doesnt know what to write for the answer. She scared that shell fai l the class. Kali starts asking Lucy what to do. The TA notices that Kali and Lucy are talking in Narnian and he asks them what they are talking about. So Lucy apologise than Kali doesnt understands what question asking for so she just translating the questions for Kali. The TA asks them not to talk and if Kali has question then she should bring it to him. Kali want to him and TA explain to her but she still didnt understand what the questions asking for. So she went back to her seat and starts to panic. Few minutes later, they twain start talking in Narnian. TA tells them to stop talking, but TA knows Lucy is a smart student but thinks that Lucy might just transubstantiate the question but he isnt sure. So he decides to report to the professor.Lucy risked her grade by not doing as the TA said. Both could get failing grades on the exam. It would have been better if Lucy had talked to the professor about Kalis problems about understanding English. The professor might suggest to ta ke ESL classes to improve Kalis English and make new friends or might able to accept Kalis needs better if he had know there was a problem. The professor might give one change to both to re-take exam, if possible with a Narnian translator for Kali to test her knowledge. Because it is a precise tough situation that there is change that Lucy might just translate questions to Kali and not gave any answers. So that would be unfair for her to restrain as academic dishonesty.Referenceshttp//www.library.illinois.edu/learn/research/academicintegrity.htmlcheating examplehttp//tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/academicintegrity/academicintegrity_print.html

Job Order Costing Process Costing and Activity Based Costing

Job Order exist do Costing and action mechanism Based CostingA hail explanation remains is the sum manners and techniques use by telephone linees allowing them to track resources consumed in production and statistical distribution of armed services or goods to consumers. These methods and techniques ar utilize by the management in fragment to evaluate and reward staff performance, by employees in order to manage recourses efficiently while the cost accounting system system is to a fault apply for external reporting requirements signification balance sheets and income statements. The cost accounting system is usually intentional to meet particular needs of respective(prenominal) companies, for that reason there be three main systems taskes apply harmonise to their needs.Job Order Costing is a cost system used to accumulate cost of projects also called micklees. Job order be is used when individual production centres or incisions drub on a mixture of product s rather than one king of a product during a specialized result of time. Prime costs and particularory viewgraph costs ar the two categories of production costs monitored with this method. dish costing is a case of costing system used for production of small identical, low-cost items. Process costing averages the costs and micklet be directly traced to individual products.Activity establish costing (ABC) is designed to accord costs to activities. This method has sound popular be produce of the fact that the complexity of businesses keeps growing and so does their need to assign increasingly large indirect costs to the appropriate department or activity. ABC is the lick where costing is assigned based on the cause and effect relationship between costs and activities that drive costs.What ar major(ip) objectives of a cost accounting system in a hospitality establishment?Within hospitality establishments cost accounting systems help successfully achieve the following manageme nt objectivesMeasuring the various needs and generated revenues of departments observe and controlling the progress of distributively departmentDepartment related info gathered is used to evaluate costs and make proper adjustments and department of corrections in operating proceduresWhat atomic number 18 the major objectives of a cost accounting system system in a manufacturing company?In manufacturing and service companies cost accounting systems help achieve the following management objectives. They supply the managers with helpful discipline regarding planning, cost control procedures and determining unit production costs. In most cases manufacturing companies also use a complete assembly line cost sheet which contains Cost Summary and Unit Cost information since manufacturing costs be non immediately save as menses period expenses. These information include total and costs per unit for plow materials, which are the raw materials used in production which costs are dire ctly attributable throughout the product manufacturing movement.Direct labour, which are the remuneration and early(a) pay roll costs of employees whose efforts are directly traceable throughout the product manufacturing work.Manufacturing overhead, is the category including all other manufacturing costs handle utilities aside for the above mentioned ones.What are the procedures in job order costing, routine costing and activity based costing.Job order costing process is a specific set of events which entrust usually occur with each job. Generally the process is as follows an order (or barter order) is received for the batch of products, a production order is issued from the sale order materials and labour are ordered and tracked for the set of products, manufacturing overhead is allocated to the job using a predetermined rate (usually per labour or per machine hour). In fact manufacturing overhead ordain not affect the work in process account instead it is changed to a c ontrol account. Direct labour and materials are charged by the accountant to the work in process accounts using the actual quantity acquired. These quantities are all tracked using a job costing sheet which will likely be already a computerized ledger and use used for each job. Spoilage which surpasses expect levels based on the job at hand is considered a period cost and is reclassified from work in process account into a separate account so it can be addressed by the management.Process costing procedures follow specific procedures and while exact procedures may take issue between unalike companies and businesses, but they generally follow these steps.While other types of costing are initiated when a sale order is issued, a sale order is not required for process costing as it is a continuous process.The work in process accounts are separated departments and are named according to the department they reflect on e.g. Work in process- FB department.The premier department in the pro duction process makes the first entry into the work in process account, generally for the raw materials.While the products move from department to department entries are made to each work in process account of each department.Direct labour costs are preserve at each period.Actual overhead costs are recorded no contra-account in needed because there is no over- or under-applied overhead cod to the actual costs being applied.Indirect costs are applied to the overhead account in actual amounts.Activity based costing procedures can be more complicated to set up and operate than other costing systems. The activity based costing procedures areOnly if a cost driver cant be accepted a cost can be assigned on an allocative basis. cerebrate cost pools are assigned to an overhead rate on costs drivers.Cost pools are used to assign costs the basis depends on the business and industry.Costs can be assigned to units, batches or products.These pools can be combined to look at facilities, divisi ons, or other levels of cost classifications.Costs can then be evaluated in order to view how and where they are occurring, knowing this the management can discern what cists are controllable and how they arise.Which costing methods (job order costing, process costing and activity costing) are trump suited to the following businesses and whyOld Home Bakery, Inc (a bakery that produces to order) It will be able to use job order costing because it is designed for businesses which work with orders rather than mass production.Apache Oil and Gas Refinery Because the products are alike(p) or identical the process costing is the appropriate method the business should apply. It is also recommended because the company uses an automated continuous process.The Sea View fall behind Hotel the hotel is best recommended to use the job order costing because it offers services and the method is designed for such businesses.Willie Wonkers Chocolate Factory because the business produces a banal item which units are identical it is best to apply the process costing method.Harris and Harris Law Firm Since this business offers services in the form of sub judice counselling or legal representation is it best to use the job order costing which refers to a desired unit which might not be identical to another offered service.Explain and evaluate last in first out, FIFO and AVCO techniques.last in first out stands for last-in first-out what means that recent purchases will be stored recorded and exchange before the items that already existed in stock when the purchase was received. LIFO valuation is permitted due to the belief that an ongoing business does not realize an economic clams only from largeness. When prices are uphill they must replace the inventory soon being sold with items oh higher prices. It also matches better current cost against current revenue and defers paying taxes on phantom income arising exclusively from inflation. LIFO is preferred by businesses be cause it delays a major negative effect of inflation higher taxes.FIFO is the most commonly used method used by businesses to record the value of inventory. It is appropriate when dealing with many different batches of similar products. The method assumes that the next item that will be purchased will be placed at the end of the line of to-be-sold items of that kind meaning what was purchased first will be sold first. In an economy of rising prices (during inflation), it is common for new companies to use this method to report the value of intersection to boost their balance sheet. While the older and cheaper good are sold the new and more expensive goods remain as assets in the businesss books, pecuniary statement boosted by FIFO also increase the chances a business has to get a loan.AVCO is used to establish the value of an inventory by calculating the costs of units. In practice it provides us the results we want by dividing the total cost of good available for sale with the num ber of items for sale.