Change Resistance within Armed Forces Research Paper

Change Resistance inside Armed Forces - Research Paper Example All things considered, innovation has for long time been a potential in civic establishments and military theaters. All the more in this way, improvement of innovation in twentieth century had a major effect on be disguised similar to an imperative instrument and a deciding element in fighting. The mindset has been encapsulated by the country states which consistently put away a lot of cash, time and assets in exploration and acquisition of the new innovation (Creveld 19). The impression of the innovation need was additionally fueled by wonderfully successful operational usefulness of atomic weapons during the Second World War (WWII) and other after distracted Arms Race take on by the two going before Superpowers. Along these lines, put into activity reasonable or mechanical change in military has consistently been troublesome and a basic undertaking however it has for the most part been that way and occurs with the incredible pace of association changes (Ronald 19). Regardless of whether the change is brought by outer issues like the wartime situations or base adjustments and terminations or from inward impact through initiative choices, it has consistently been troublesome. A few changes may involve combined budgetary administrations, weapons restoring or battling detail (Lamb et al 1984). Be that as it may, the military may not be restricting the change however the progress or procedure the progressions requires and its impact. In this innovation age, there has been a characteristic tendency to exaggerate the job of weapons. Winning perspectives demonstrated the level of military mechanical achievement was gauge to be shocking and demonstrate unequivocally to result of wars. The significance of innovative progression in the military is that the new types of gear would give a total bit of leeway that could be converted into an undeniable triumph. It is known the military of a state are not longer nonpartisan than state itself. The difficult affirmation audits the way that military like any foundation of state get their authenticity from state itself and built up political system (Kuhlmann 20). The focuses become generally suitable in the liberal majority rules system where it is typically invited as an issue of rule which the military completely docile to common political specialists in any event, when military are esteemed into demonstrable skill (Lamb et al 19). At the point when those actualizing political force lose their famous help and the whole political system loses an entire, its authenticity no longer enjoy acknowledgment and trust of populace and the state's associations are viewed as wrong after bringing the authenticity of military into question. In the regular citizen authority, the open door made accessible by innovation would convince the conviction that innovation is the main determinant factor in fighting. Basically, innovation is seen to be the deciding variable which offers the power whenever conveyed which could melt away the foes resolve and battling limit (Irwin 13). All the more in this way, the acceptance of innovation would confine losses since mounting setbacks may have comparative ramifications of anger event in its populace and a hanging spirit which would impact the military plans and protection from battle. In these conditions, it turns into an expert duty however it goes in opposition to standard suppositions of

Shorefast Case Study B March 2013 Free Essays

string(36) ranchers have extraordinary develop potential. Chapter by chapter list Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Financial Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will compose a custom article test on Shorefast Case Study B March 2013 or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Strategy Diamond Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Internal Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Value Chain Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 VRINE Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 External Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Porter’s five forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 PESTEL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 14 Alternative Evaluations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦15 Fit analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Presentation Plant Nutrients Inc. (PNI) is a universal organization that provided compost fixings utilized by its auxiliaries in 6 geographic territory which are Northeastern United States, Eastern Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. The head supervisor of PNI is Brian Dunwoodie and the promoting director is Dave Claussen. Mr. Dunwoodie and Mr. Claussen are the primary leaders inside the association. They were meeting with one another to decide the principle issues of the organization, which how to improve company’s execution one year from now (1999). They thought of three potential other options, which are fortifying the current business, including a seed business and adding accuracy rural administrations to better PNI’s execution one year from now. For picking the best other options, this paper will utilize various systems and models to investigate every other option, for instance budgetary examination, methodology precious stone model, inward examination (Value Chain and VRINE), outer examination (Porter’s 5 powers and PESTEL). In the wake of examining every one of these parts, the fit among inside and outer condition will be dissected also. Money related Analysis 1. Working pay articulation (Exhibit 1) As Exihit 1 for the situation shows that the primary item PNI had sold was Fertilizer, the all out deals of PNI in 1998 is $4,621,097, which comprise of the deals of Fertilizer( $3,339,097), the deals of pesticides ($1,058,000) and the offer of administrations ($224,000). The deals of compost represented 72. 3% ($3,339,097/$4,621,097) of absolute deals, the deals of pesticides accounted 22. 9% in the complete deals, and the administration just represented 4. 8% in the absolute deals, so manure item produce a greater number of deals than pesticides and administrations and this likewise implies the deals of pesticide and administrations may have colossal development potential later on. Consequently, PNI should concentrate more on the deals of pesticide and administration later on. Furthermore, the gross edge of compost was 20. 07%, and the gross edge of pesticides was 18%. Among these items, compost was the significant patron of PNI’s benefit. Regarding the deals of every item, the examiner will utilize the accompanying tables to distinguish what the significant markets and clients of these items. 2. Manure deals No. 1 The level of PNI’s clients accounted in the Fertilizer Market. (Equation: Number of Customers in PNI/Number of Customers in the entire market) Market AreaPNI Farm SizeSalesCustomersSalesCustomersMarket Share Small$1,128,000527$986,00040476. 7% Medium$10,635,0001578$1,259,00017110. 8% Large$3,631,00095$319,00099. 5% Total$15,394,0002200$2,564,00058426. 5% No. 2 The level of the compost deals for the market and for PNI over the absolute deals by client portion, 1998 Market AreaPNI Farm sizeSalesSales Small7. 33%38. 5% Medium69. 1%49. 1% Large23. 6%12. 44% Total100%100% Market AreaPNI Farm sizeSalesSales Small100%87. 41% Medium100%11. 84% Large100%8. 79% Total100%16. 7% No. The level of PNI’s compost deals add to the market deals by client fragment, 1998 3. Pesticide Sales No. 4 The level of PNI’s clients accounted in the Market. Market AreaPNI Farm SizeSalesCustomersSalesCustomersMarket Share Small$797000527$35600020939. 6% Medium$63120001578$4580001066. 7% Large$3,300,00095$244,00077. 4% Total$10,409,0002200$2,564,00032214. 6% No. 5 The level of pesticide deals for the market and for PNI over the complete deal by client fragment, 1998 Market AreaPNI Farm sizeSalesSales Small7. 66%33. 6% Medium60. 64%43. 3% Large31. %21. 2% Total100%100% No. 6 The level of PNI’s pesticide deals add to the market deals by client section, 1998 Market AreaPNI Farm sizeSalesSales Small100%44. 67% Medium100%7. 26% Large100%6. 79% Total100%10. 16% Interpretation of tables 1. Table No. 1 and No. 4 For both compost items and pesticide Products, PNI’s significant clients are the little ranch proprietor (Fertilizer: 76. 7%, Pesticide: 39. 6%), so the future pattern for PNI is to take progressively medium and enormous homestead size clients (Medium: Fertilizer: 10. 8%, Pesticide: 6. 7%; Large: Fertilizer: 9. 5%, Pesticide: 7. %). 2. Table No. 2 and No. 5 in the market region, the deals of composts, the medium homestead account the biggest part of deals (69. 1%). For the deals of pesticides, the medium ranch despite everything accounts the biggest bit of deals (60. 64%). In the PNI’s region, both the deals of manures and pesticides to the medium homestead clients have the most noteworthy rate (Fertilizer: 49. 1%, Pesticide 43. 3%); in this way, PNI should concentrate on the deals of compost and pesticide to the medium farms’ clients since it accounts the biggest piece of PNI’s complete deals. 3. Table No. 3 and No. The deals of PNI’s composts and pesticides to the little farms’ clients have just picked up the biggest deals in the entire market (Fertilizer: 87. 41%, Pesticide: 44. 67%). In any case, for the deals of PNI’s composts and pesticides to the medium and huge ranches clients account an extremely little bit of the all out deals in the entire market (Medium: Fertilizer: 11. 84%, Pesticide: 7. 26%; Large: Fertilizer: 8. 79%, Pesticide: 6. 79%). Subsequently, PNI ought to likewise give more consideration to expand the deals to the medium and enormous farms’ clients because of its gigantic development potential. . As indicated by the Exhibit 5 for the situation, the enormous homestead size lean toward Materials and Regular manures and it contributes very nearly 54. 3% of the material deals to add up to deals. In this manner, PNI should concentrate on offering Materials to enormous ranch size clients. Notwithstanding, the business level of the premium and normal composts, which in the medium homestead size contributes the most to the absolute deals of the market, and the deal rates are 53. 1% and 59. 7% separately, and the Exhibit 4 indicated that the Premium composts and Regular manures of PNI have the most noteworthy ($89. 5) and second most noteworthy gross edge ($66. 11); subsequently, PNI should concentrate on offering premium and standard composts to little and medium ranch size clients. Also, it is pointless for PNI to concentrate on the deals to sellers in light of the fact that PNI can't stop the pattern that the business volume to vendors is diminishing a seemingly endless amount of time after year. Perception: 1. Medium and enormous ranchers have extraordinary develop potential. You read Shorefast Case Study B March 2013 in class Free Case study tests 2. Little and Medium homesteads incline toward Premium mixes composts, which is the most beneficial manure item in PNI (net edge: $ 89. 95/ton) Strategy Diamond Model The methodology precious stone, which incorporates fields, vehicles, differentiators, organizing and pacing, and monetary rationale, shows how well an organization do its business in a key level. Fields: PNI’s current item and administration lines comprised of composts, pesticides, custom application administrations and oil testing. The PNI in Lancaster is one of the auxiliaries in the 6 topographical areas, which are Northeastern United States, Eastern Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. As far as appropriation channel, the organization redistribute a trucking organization to eliminate their conveyance costs. Besides, the organization have present day gear to create items and have the best prepared administrators to offer types of assistance in the district. Vehicles: There is no data about vehicle in the present circumstance. Be that as it may, if PNI select the subsequent other option, which is including a seed business sooner rather than later, the organization may collusion with Larson Seed, a local seed maker, to give aptitude and deals trainin

Metamorphosis in Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong :: Things They Carried Essays

Transformation in Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong The narrative of the Darling of the Song Tra Bong is no run of the mill Vietnam war story. It is a story that includes no bloods, guts or magnificence. This story isn't such a great amount about the physical harm brought about by war as much as this story is about the passionate changes that impact not just the guys. This is a story that with it's elaboration and ornamentation shows the demolition of blamelessness. This story is about a unimaginable that worked out as expected. The story in its easiest structure includes two principle characters and the narrator, Rat Kiley, a notable truth cot. The primary individuals that your enthusiasm for this story is worried about are Mark Fossie, a solider with the group of doctors that Rat was with, and his sweetheart Mary Anne Belle, a young lady of scarcely 17 years old. Imprint Fossie and Mary Anne Belle were youth darlings about promised during childbirth. While in Nam, Mark thought of a ground breaking strategy to fly Mary Anne over to Vietnam to be with him. As men kidded one night about how simple it could be to sneak somebody over Mark heard and accepting this as no joke. He was going to attempt it! He went through practically the entirety of his cash to get her over however it paid off,they were brought together. The image of an upbeat couple they hung out adn for some time things appeared to be typical to them. All they had ever known was being a them and when they were as one things just appeared to be correct. How aimlessly we see things when we are encircled by the arms of the one we love. She was youthful and inquisitive and being the main ladies there she was exceptionally coy. Mary Anne was a brilliant young lady and she needed to gain proficiency with all that she could about the war and the land. Her recently discovered reason becae to discover as much as possible about the way of life while she was in it. She regularly took nature strolls and started to become familiar with the Vietnamese language/culture . Indeed, even her character started to change. In any case, inevitably she started to find out about weapons and war. She began to invest her free energy cleaning and shooting. This started the descending path to her turning into a camo wearing wilderness lady.

English Reflection Paper - Why Would I Write One?

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The Status And Perception Of Women - 928 Words

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Supply Chain Management Push and Pull Based Chains

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According to Levi (2008), These challenges are met not only by transportation and inventory decisions, coordinating production, but also by integrating the front end of the supply chain, customerRead MoreInventory And Inventory Control System1235 Words   |  5 Pagesout on potential sales and potential market shares. (1) In any organization, Inventory Management is a very important concept that is been followed and there is a dedicated team that looks after the planning, scheduling and flow of inventory. Typically there are two standard inventory control systems that are followed within organizations for effective Inventory Management: Push System: The main ideology of push inventory control systems is forecasting inventory needs to satisfy customer demands.Read MoreAnalysis Of Amazon And Wal Mart1614 Words   |  7 Pagesproposition. A business strategy characterizes a company’s unique position in the market and distinguishes the firm ’s value proposition from that of its competitors. Qupte Simci levi Such a unique market position drives and depends on operations and supply chain strategies. Unfortunately due to the effiency curve, no company can be both highly efficient and extremely responsive. This is where companies need to make trade-offs decisions. Of course, trade-offs need to be made not only between efficiencyRead MoreSupply Chain Integration Strategy Analysis2374 Words   |  10 Pages Gregory Long April 10, 2016 MG 5069 (Advanced Supply Chain Management) Dr. Michael Essary Supply Chain Integration Strategies Introduction The challenges that organizations face in supply chain integration is the ability to successfully coordinate activities across the supply chain so that they can improve performance in the areas of increase service level, reduce cost, better utilize resources, reduce bullwhip effect, and effectively respond to changes in the marketplace. AccordingRead MoreTransportation and Distribution4133 Words   |  17 PagesTransportation is a key logistics function. Efficient and effective management of transportation at each stage of the supply chain is crucial for both cost management and service level guarantees. We have already looked at the incidence of transportation costs on overall supply chain performance in chapter 3 when we discussed the design aspects of logistics networks. Cost remains one of the key concerns regarding transportation management. The 12th Annual  State  Of Logistics Report  ( USA ) provides a figure

Developing A Marketplace For Smart Cities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Developing A Marketplace For Smart Cities. Answer: This research paper discusses the cybersecurity challenges in smart cities. It also presents many theories to discover safety, security, and privacy role in the smart cities. The main aim of this report is to address the impact of safety, security and privacy, and cybersecurity in the smart countries. This paper based on opinions of many authors to support the study, it involves Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014). This study practiced several paradigms and categorical structures as it could be imperative for examine advantages and cybersecurity. In this, it considers three factors like intelligence level, instrumented, and Interconnected. Moreover, the integrated structure will assist to the emergency responders, disaster recovery, and public safety as it could be effective in managing the security. The findings also demonstrate the significance of security and privacy. It supports to explore the findings of the research study, author practiced a huge number of pictures and tables to repr esent the collected data. From the findings, it is examined that the security demonstrates the evaluation of data and influences causing physical disruptions in the availability of services. Moreover, It is also analyzed that privacy-protecting structure supports to gather the information and prompt responses at the time of technical changes and dealing with security challenges. In this report, the author uses a model to represent the interaction between servers and individuals. This article is published in the Journal of Advanced Research. This Journal is supportive to explore the qualitative and quantitative data as it would be imperative for both research scholar and reader. This report supports to provide the evidence of the previous research challenges, like Rose (2013), who focuses on the programmes for the smart city technical regulations and guidance to explore the significance of standards in the smart cities. In addition, it is also stated that the main aim of this research report is to identify the role of the technical standards and guidance in establishing the smart city. Cohen and Money (2017) completed their research on this particular research matter. In this research study, the investigator uses the multiple large software structures that consider many elements like environmental interactivity, requirements of citizens, error handlings, safety instruction, and operational controlling liability. Other elements are transparency, portfolio, credibility, availability, and hosting. The data was collected through observation method. Moreover, the author has used many methods to analysis the framework of smart cities like applied computing, Inform ation systems, Security and privacy, Software security engineering, and Human-centred computing. This finding recommended that through data analysis method, the research scholar is able to determine the significance of regulation in the smart cities. In this, it is also addressed that there is a certain factor that could be imperative in making the smart city like techniques, policies, companies, management system, people, governance, economy, communities, natural atmosphere, and infrastructure. To support discovered findings, the investigator exercised a huge number of tables, charts, and tables to increase the discussion. This journal is published in the International World Wide Web Conference Committee. This journal concentrates on the practical relevance and theoretical exploration as it could be beneficial for the academic audience as well as the practitioner. This paper supports to demonstrate the last research, such as Berry (2008), who describes the conceptualization of smart cities. Moreover, it is also examined that the primary aim of this research report is to determine the information communication technology and sustainability in the smart cities management. Bifulco, F., Tregua, M., Amitrano, C. T., and D'Auria, A (2015), have completed their research on ICT and sustainability in the smart cities management. For this research study, the author has used the survey through a questionnaire to conduct their research as it could be effective to collect the reliable outcome. In this, qualitative data analysis method is used by the research scholar through content analysis method as it would be supportive to evaluate the collected data and get a reliable outcome. Moreover, this finding suggested that through data analysis method, the investigator is capable to identify the importance of information communication technology and sustainabil ity in the smart cities. In this, it is also stated that information communication technology and sustainability like an across-the-board elements because they connect all services to communities in the smart city. Consequently, it will be effective to make the smart city planning. In addition, ICT and sustainability technique support to operate the process of amortization. In this research report, the research scholar has practiced many tables and charts to support the findings and increase the whole discussion of research. This journal is published in the International Journal of Public Sector Management. This journal focuses on the theoretical exploration and practical relevance, which will be imperative for enhancing the understanding of practitioner and academic audience. This research report discusses the previous research, such as Harrison and Donnelly, who discusses the perspective on smart cities. Further, the main aim of this research is to identify a strategic and technical situation of the smart city for effectively dealing in the recession period. Paroutis, S., Bennett, M., Heracleous, L. (2013) completed their research study on this particular topic. In this research study, researchers have used qualitative research design to complete the specified aim and objectives. In this, it considers a certain method of observation, interview and documentary method to collect the data in the context of research issue. Besides this, the researcher has also practiced the case study approach to collect reliable data regarding the research issue. For this research study, research scholars have utilized qualitative and quantitative data analysis method to examine the collected data and meet research aim and objectives systematically. In addition, it is also found that the data analysis method will enable the researcher to determine the significance of strategic view on smart city technology. In this, the author mainly considers three factors like technology view, systems view, and strategic view. It is also stated that systematic view and technical view support to develop the smart technology and structure in the city. As a result, the country could be capable to improve their existing situation systematically. For supporting the finding of the research, the researcher will practice many tables and charts as could also be effective to deeply understand the research matter. This journal article is published in the technological forecasting and social change. This article concentrates on both practical as well as theoretical perspective as it could be imperative for increasing the subjective knowledge of academic audience and practitioner. In this report, researcher studied various literature regarding the smart cities. This research paper also supports to previous research, such as Wright and Steventon (2006), who discusses the smart cities. The main purpose of this research report is to evaluate the impact of smart city initiatives and big data on SCM (supply chain management). More precisely, this research also discovers the information about the connection between supply network characteristics, smart cities, and big data. Elcio M. Tachizawa, Mara J. Alvarez-Gil and Mara J. Montes-Sancho (2015), completed their research on how smart cities will change supply chain management. It will be effective to improve the supply chain process and get a higher return. In this research study, researchers have used an integrative framework to collect specific data about the research issue. In this, the researcher has also used the literature review and integrative framework to evaluate the collected data and meet the research ai m and objectives. Further, this finding recommended that the data analysis method mandate the researcher to determine the impact of smart cities in the whole process of supply chain management. For this research report, the investigator has used charts to support the collected data and as it could be effective to understand the current research matter. This Journal has published in the supply chain management: an international journal. This Journal concentrates on both practical and theoretical concept as it could be effective for improving current awareness about research subject. References Adel S. Elmaghraby, and Michael M. Losavio (2014) Cybersecurity challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security, and privacy, 5(4), pp. 491497 Elcio M. Tachizawa, Mara J. Alvarez-Gil, Mara J. Montes-Sancho, (2015) "How smart cities will change supply chain management", Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 20 Issue: 3, pp.237-248. Francesco Bifulco Marco Tregua Cristina Caterina Amitrano Anna D'Auria, (2016) "ICT and sustainability in smart cities management", International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 29 Iss 2 pp. 132 - 147 Money, W. H., Cohen, S. (2015) Developing a marketplace for Smart Cities Foundational Services with Policy and Trust, International Journal of Computer Science: Theory and Application, 3(1), 1-12. Paroutis, S., Bennett, M., Heracleous, L. (2013) a strategic view on smart city technology: The case of IBM Smarter Cities during a recession 89, pp. 262-272.

Information System Management in Sally Beauty, Inc.

In the information society of the XXI century, managing data is a very complicated task. In order to analyze not only the internal factors that affect the production process of a company, but also the outside factors, such as competition, demand and opportunities for expansion, one will have to consider its process of information acquisition and transfer. This is where information system management principles are to be applied.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information System Management in Sally Beauty, Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Owing to a proper use of information system management principles, Sally Beauty, Inc. managed to succeed in the highly competitive business of selling to licensed beauty professionals. According to the company’s vision and mission, its staff is focused on delivering its merchandise of the finest quality to their customers (Sally beauty Holding Inc., n. d.), which foll ows the principles of ISM quite closely. Business-driven MIS is used in the given case to â€Å"adapt to technological advances and innovations† (Baltzan, 2011, p. 2). The goals of the company are also in accordance with the MIS principles; however, more clarity on the methods, with the help of which the company is going to implement its goals, could be provided by Sally Beauty, Inc. While the company staff claims that they are willing to utilize latest technology, the means in which they are going to are still not quite clear. Arguably, this technology is used in order to provide the services of the same quality in the USA, Canada, the UK and Mexico by enhancing the cooperation between the affiliates; however, Sally Beauty, Inc. staff never state it explicitly. Apart from being used as a highly efficient tool for improving the company’s inbound and outbound logistics, ISM also serves a number of purposes and incorporates a variety of elements. By defining the key ones , one can embrace the plethora of opportunities that ISM provides for an ordinary company. Business intelligence is an interactive method of information system management. Enterprise resource planning is the process of arranging the company’s resources reasonably.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Customer relationship management is a range of methods in which relationships with customers can be established. Data mining is an umbrella term for methods of information acquisition. Intelligence systems are sets of principles in accordance with which data mining can be carried out. Judging by the methods that the Sally Beauty, Inc. uses in its process of information acquisition, processing and transfer, its method of business intelligence can be defined as auto-delivered intelligence, since the information is clearly delivered in an interactive manner. By communicating dire ctly to the customers and analyzing the information that comes from surveys and opinion polls, the company manages to provide the services that clients need. Consequently, various strategies of customer relationship management are utilized in the process. The traditional top-to-bottom structure makes the company vulnerable (Mcfarlan, n. d.), yet relatively stable in the market. One of the most peculiar details about the way in which the company structures its relationships with customers is that its staff prefers to build their strategies of communication with their clientele. While admittedly risky, the given approach allows for enough flexibility and helps meet the needs of each customer in particular, which is highly appreciated by the target audience and attracts even more clients to the Sally Beauty, Inc. the company’s negligence of the rest of the strategies can be explained by the absence of necessity to resort to numerous strategies, since business intelligence seems efficient enough. Reference List Baltzan, P. (2011). Management information systems: Business driven MIS. In P. Baltzan (ed.), Business Driven Information Systems. New York City, NY: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information System Management in Sally Beauty, Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mcfarlan, F. W. The new strategic weapon: Information technology. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Publishing. Sally beauty Holding Inc. Sally Beauty Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: SBH). Web. This essay on Information System Management in Sally Beauty, Inc. was written and submitted by user Keith V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learn More about Dissertation Writing

Learn More about Dissertation Writing What Every Student Must Know about Dissertation Writing Are you one of those students, who are working on their dissertations? If you are, then it is time to revisit the most important dissertation writing tips. First, you should know that dissertation writing is one of the greatest challenges you may ever face. You may think that, as your graduation is coming closer, you will feel much easier and better. Hardly ever so. Instead, you will have to carry a huge burden of responsibility for finishing your dissertation on time. I am lucky to say that my dissertation writing days are in the past. However, I will never be able to forget the problems I was experiencing back then. It was a 12,000-word torture, which was tearing me into pieces like a tumor growing inside my brain. The task was to explore the cultural traditions of some remote nationalities living in Iceland, and did not think I could ever accomplish that. Of course, one of the first things I did was reading the Undergraduate Recommendations for Dissertation Writing. However, what I saw in that book made me feel even sadder and more devastated than I could have imagined. Now I want to share some of the lessons I have learned with you, so that you can avoid doing my mistakes. Choose your dissertation supervisor thoroughly. If you do not like him or her, choose another one before it is too late. I can say that I had a wonderful experience with my supervisor, and I really value the input she provided as I was working on my tasks. It does not really matter if your supervisor has any experience with your topic. What matters is that you have a kind of touch and can access and ask questions whenever you need. If you ever tell your friends or family that you are writing a dissertation, they will certainly be interested in discussing your topic. However, they typically expect you to explore some glorious part of our history or measure the effects of some election results on the public. They mostly will not like or understand if you are exploring the cultural heritage of some remote tribes, whose names they do not even know. So do not try to impress them. Just keep going with your own work. If your friends and family ask questions about your dissertation, they do not necessarily want to hear they answer. Quite possible is that they want to be polite. Do not ask those who writing a dissertation how far they have already gone. They will hardly like it. It is certainly possible that at some point of your dissertation you will feel like crazy. You will think that youd better die than keep writing. However, do not try to rewrite everything from scratch. Besides, if your supervisor says that you are ok, feel free to move in the same direction. Everything you do as part of your dissertation project will eventually translate into a brilliant academic result. You will remember how much time you spent collecting your sources, and they will pay back! Now it is time to print everything you have written. You will never see as many printed pages as you do when you are working on your dissertation. You may see that it has negative effects on your budget. Be ready to face huge paper loads. This is how it all works! When you are working on your dissertation, it will impact all other activities, no matter how multitasking or professional you are. It will impact your socialization and friendships. You will simply have no time for anything beyond dissertation writing. You may find yourself being too busy for cooking or cleaning. It is normal! You no longer own your time. Your tasks and activities have become less significant than your dissertation writing. You will think only of your dissertation, and you will not have any single second without it. You will see it in your dreams. Again, it is normal! Just do not subject yourself to doubts and do not fall into oblivion. Do not delve into self-doubt. You have everything to cope with your dissertation with dignity! So, when you are reaching the finish line, you will one of the happiest people on the planet. You have gone through so many difficulties that you deserve your share of recognition. Just enjoy the result, and be proud of what you have done to become a perfect graduate!

A Miscommunication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Miscommunication - Essay Example In one particularly funny scene, the two are poring over video tape evidence and just as one of the pieces of information the are studying has Richard Castle quite frustrated that he tells her that they should "sleep on it". Misunderstanding what he meant, she gave him this look of wonder and bewilderment as she wondered about the sexual connotation of his statement. He reacts with a very funny "Separately. Katherine Beckett, I never..." before he walks away from her. Had Beckett been played as a male character, there would have been a lesser chance of miscommunication because, as a straight male, he would not have seen any double meaning to the statement Castle made. He would have understood it for what it actually meant. That there are these 2 tired people who have been working long and hard on a case and they need to take a break in order to be able to be able to properly analyze the evidence before them and interpret them properly. This scene in particular shows how miscommunicat ion can easily occur between people. It also leads us to understand that given a different set of circumstances, such as having 2 males in the scene instead of a male and female, would have totally changed the outcome of the scene. References Davis, Elizabeth (Writer) & Barret, David (Director). (2011). One Life To Lose (Television series episode). Marlowe, Andrew (Producer), Castle. Los Angeles CA: ABC Mangas, Luciana. Sneak Peeks: Castle 3.18 "One Life To Lose".

Malta in World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Malta in World War II - Essay Example However after Benito Mussolini came to power, these relationships deteriorated as Italy clandestinely supported conflicts in British territories in the Mediterranean from the late 1920s onwards (1). Owing to the strategic location of Malta it was an important stronghold for either the Axis or allied powers - particularly, the island is at the heart of the Mediterranean between Libya and Italy. It had been, ever since 1800, after two years of Napoleonic invasion, a division of the British Empire, its geographical significance had been recognized by Britain for the whole occupation. It was for this reason used as a major military and naval fort throughout this time. Malta occurred to be the only military headquarters between Gibraltar and Egypt. In spite of its position, the British had shifted the headquarters of Mediterranean Fleet Navy from Valletta, Malta in the mid-1930s to Alexandria, Egypt. Despite the fact that there were apprehensions that the island, a long way from Britain and near Italy, could not be protected, British Government resolved in July 1939 to raise the number of anti-aircraft guns and fighters on Malta (2). British government had other worries about whether to retain the island in May 1940 when the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, stated that the state of affairs in France was horrible, however that Italy might be pacifies with the surrendering of Malta. After some deliberation, Winston Churchill persuaded the British War Cabinet that no surrendering should be made (3). Nevertheless, while Britain itself endangered, Malta was not the main concern for the British, so Malta was under-resourced when Italy declared war on Britain on 10 June 1940. At that time only 4,000 troops and a few outdated bipl anes were based on the island, with 5 weeks' of food. However, the island was a strategic danger to Italy and the Axis powers. Malta's anti-shipping squads and Royal Navy submarines were a prospective danger to supply and communications between Europe, Italy and North Africa. During most of the siege William Dobbie was Governor of Malta. Whilst in Malta, he was criticized for his attitude to organization in the siege and for what opponents claim to have been an objectionable holdup in the establishment of bomb shelters in addition to employing effective food-rationing and creating an efficient civil-defense system. Issues surrounding the delivery of armaments were also a condemnation. In May 1942 Field Marshal the Right Hon. John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort removed Dobbie. First Phase of Siege of Malta On 11 June 1940, the day after Italy declared war on Britain and France, airplanes of the Italian Royal Air Force attacked Malta. Most of its land forces had been placed for the imminent invasion of Greece, so Italy employed airborne offensive to check Malta from being a danger. On the first day, ten Italian Cant bombers dropped bombs on Grand Harbour, Hal Far, and Kalafrana. In seven attacks, 11 civilians and 6 soldiers were killed. As well, about 130 civilians and some troops were wounded. At the time, the combatant aircraft in Malta comprised a few outdated Gloster Sea Gladiator biplanes. A common legend is that the air

Impact of State Aid on Aer Lingus Essay Example for Free

Impact of State Aid on Aer Lingus Essay Aer Lingus is an airline in the republic of Ireland with a rich history that spans for a period exceeding 66 years. It’s an airline that is thought to hold a very special place in the hearts of most Irish people. In recent times, the airline has experienced difficulties. For example, there were agricultural problems both in England and in Ireland due to the emergence of BSE and Foot and Mouth disease. These are problems that caused the numbers of passengers traveling to various countries to go down. In 2001, workers were in strike due to salary issues and this adversely affected the operations of the Aer Lingus. Global economic crisis emanating from the most powerful economy in the world, the United States together with the September 11 terrorist attacks made many holidaymakers and seasoned passengers to panic and they thus feared traveling. Moreover, lack of funds has been another major problem and this is something that made Sabena and Swissair to close down because of insufficient funds. In fact, this is a problem that was so dangerous to many organizations that even Sabena had gone bankrupt. Due to such events, the major debate has been whether to provide state aid to Aer Lingus or not. The EU has been in the frontline to state that there is no need for the airline to be provided with state aid. On the other hand, some believe that since the government is a shareholder in Aer Lingus it should then use some of the tax payers’ money to inject more cash into the company to save it (Mulcahy, 2002). Since this is a state owned airline, its dependence on aid to raise capital has creates several problems for it. The financial performance of the airline has been undermined for quite a long period of time due to this dependence. However, in comparison to the private sector, state aid in most cases involves writing off the debts to financial institutions like banks. If it were the private sector on this issue, they would not have taken the consideration that such debts may be written off. The idea to use state aid for Aer Lingus may be seen as a bad option. This is so because if it was a private investor at Aer Lingus and they encountered huge debts, such an investor would have considered liquidating the airline and starting all over again using the available assets. But this has not been possible for Aer Lingus since its dependence is on the state to provide it with aid (Doganis, 2001). In 1994, the European Commission sought to approve the guidelines on evaluation proposals relating to state aid for airlines. Approving of the aforementioned proposals would see several conditions being imposed. For example, by relying on state aid, Aer Lingus is going to face the condition that it mustn’t expect additional aid in the coming future. Moreover, state aid according to the commission is not supposed to be used in any way to increase Aer Lingus capacity that may be to the detriment of EU competitors. Moreover, if Aer Lingus obtains this aid, the offer it has in the EU market is not supposed to increase faster compared to overall traffic growth. Aer Lingus is also not supposed to use the state aid to increase its direct competition against other airlines (Doganis, 2006). The impacts of state aid on Aer Lingus did not come with negative effects alone as aforementioned. There has been a success story to tell after state aid that was approved by the EU in mid 1990s. Even though reconstruction success at Aer Lingus took longer compared to Iberia and Air France, cost-cutting was achieved in years 2002 and 2004. State aid that Aer Lingus had received a decade ago had enabled it to survive most crises of that time. Up to early 2005, Aer Lingus still had not been privatized despite the crisis. Early 90s posed problems for Aer Lingus that are still similar to the current problems. The company lost profits amounting to 7% and talks embarked to seek a merger with Ryainar but this did not bear fruits. The management team came up with a recovery plan but the profits realized were still down. This is a problem that continued in 1992 but the appointment of Bernie Cahill as the board chairman saw the government provide more investment in the airline. After the proposal was accepted by the EU, some assets like the computer company and hotels were sold. By 1995, the company realized some profits. These shows the impacts of the state aid on Aer Lingus have been both positive and negative. But for Aer Lingus to survive in the market state aid is required since today, it estimated that the company is losing $2m in a single day. Moreover, the bookings have gone down by a staggering 80% (Barrington and Sweeny, 2001).

Views on Colonialism in Donnes Elegy XIX and Wroths Sonnet 22 Essay

Views on Colonialism in Donne's Elegy XIX and Wroth's Sonnet 22 Introduction In the midst of Lady Mary Wroth's sonnet cycle, a sudden reference to the colonialist discoveries of dark skinned natives appears. Bringing to mind her participation in Jonson's "Masque of Blackness," she depicts dark-skinned Indians worshipping the sun as their god. In the midst of her ruminations on love and her preoccupations with her unfaithful lover, Amphilanthus, this sonnet touches on issues close to her personal life as well as some of the preoccupations of her era on the nature of colonialism. In particular the role of religion in England's colonialist efforts was of prime importance. An examination of John Donne's Elegy XIX, "To His Mistris Going to Bed" may give some insight into how Wroth's Sonnet 22, "Like to the Indians Scorched with the Sun" deals with the controversies surrounding imperialism. Historical Concerns Both authors had close personal ties to England's colonialist efforts in the New World. Lady Mary Wroth's uncle, Sir Philip Sydney, was an investor in Raleigh's attempted colony at Roanoke. This venture ultimately failed, however, and would later be followed under King James with the Virginia Company. John Donne was closely tied with the efforts following Raleigh's failed attempt. In 1608, after two failed attempts at securing a secretarial post, first in London and then in Ireland, "the report circulated that he sought to be made secretary of the colony, a position given instead to his friend William Strachey" (Johnson 127). If he had been awarded the position, he would have sailed with the new governor, Sir Thomas Gates. This was the ship that was shipwrecked in Bermuda and that winter the Jamestown colon... ...onne, John. "A Sermon vpon the VIII. Verse of the I. Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles" Greene, Thomas M. "The Poetics of Discovery: A Reading of Donne's Elegy 19." Yale Journal of Criticism. 2 (2) (1989): 129-143. Hester, M. Thomas. "Donne's (Re)Annunciation of the Virgin(ia Colony) in Elegy XIX." South Central Review: 49-63. Johnson, Stanley. "John Donne and the Virginia Company." ELH. 14 (2) (1947): 127-138. Raman, Shankar. "Can't Buy Me Love: Money Gender, and Colonialism in Donne's Erotic Verse." Criticism. 43 (2) (2001): 135-168. Roberts, Jospephine A. The Poems of Mary Wroth. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983. Young, R. V. "'O my America, my new-found-land': Pornography and Imperial Politics in Donne's Elegies." Souch Central Review: 35-48. Warnke, Frank J. John Donne Poetry and Prose. New York: Random House, 1967.

Increasing human population Essay

It can transfer genes across species boundaries; more importantly, across huge taxonomic divides. It can also enable the incorporation of laboratory synthesised nucleic acids for designer purposes. GM foods can be divided into those that contain tissues and nucleic acids from the GM source organism (e. g. tomato puree) and those that contain purified derivatives that may be chemically indistinguishable from the same ingredients isolated from non-GMO`s (e. g. the phospholipid, lecithin and other specified oils and proteins from Soya). Provided these purified ingredients are chemically identical to those from non-GMO sources, they should not alter existing health risks. Unfortunately, complete purity is unachievable. Foods that contain original GMO tissue may contain unexpected components and alien nucleotide sequences. The Questions arise: can alien nucleotide sequences be transferred to the gut micro-organisms or be absorbed by human tissues, perhaps through phagocytosis or the agency of viral transduction?. If they can, what are the risks to human health generated as a consequence?. The Biochemist P32 October 1999 ? 1999 The Biochemical Society The technology will allow us to create in major crop plants materials we formerly had to obtain from other sources – such as industrial feed stocks or medicines. Pepper. G. Crop Sciences Dept University of Illinois Crops that resist drought and disease promise to transform the lives of poor farmers -if only they could afford them Five million Brazilians faced starvation this year. This time it was a drought related to El Nii o that halved grain crops in the northeast of the country, but next year it will be something else. Famine is perennial in Brazil. In September Monsanto, the world’s largest supplier of genetically modified seeds, announced it would invest $550 million in Brazil to build a factory producing its herbicide Roundup. Shortly afterwards the Brazilian government made Monsanto’s Roundup-resistant Soya beans the country’s first legally approved, genetically engineered crop. The Soya beans will boost profits for the big landowners who grow them to feed beef cattle for export. But most rural Brazilians are subsistence farmers who do not grow Soya. No help will trickle down from Monsanto’s beans to the starving millions. The story exemplifies the limited contribution genetically modified crops have made so far to eradicating world hunger. It is not that biotech companies are uninterested in the developing world. Far from it: Brazil and other newly industrialising countries are in fact prime targets, with their growing demand for agricultural products, little opposition to biotechnology, and farmers who have risen above hard graft subsistence, but have not yet become customers of the world’s seed and agrochemicals conglomerates. Crops that thrive despite drought and salty soils could also let farmers expand production into marginal lands. And the nutritional content of staples could be improved. If maize, for example, can be made to produce more of the amino acids it naturally lacks, the 80 million people who live almost exclusively on maize would get more protein. Ganesh Kishore, head of nutrition at Monsanto, says: â€Å"We can make it into a complete balanced meal. † Arber. W. (Article: The Bio industry Association 1999 http://www. bioindustry. org/) Genetically modified crops are no more dangerous to the environment than traditional crops and could boost corn, rice and other food yields by as much as 25 percent in developing countries http://www.freep. com/news/health/qdiet141. htm Foods can also be genetically modified to ensure that they last longer by removing or adding certain genes. This process gives them a greater shelf life and means they are less prone to bruising when in transit. They are also less likely to lose their colour and more importantly, retain more of their nutrients. This ultimately gives consumers a better product and reduces the amount of waste for the producers and retailers. Proteins vital to our diets can be added to foods which don’t ordinarily contain them, which is important for people lacking them. In time, this will also be true of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. http://www. futuradesign. co. uk/gm/ With respect to the information I have studied herein I conclude that genetic modification of foods is not without some induced risk as totally alien genes are being inserted into organisms from unrelated species. This has been shown to possibly alter the new organism’s `properties` as a food substrate either beneficially or adversely. I believe that GM foods have great potential in providing food for an ever increasing population where more traditional agricultural techniques may struggle to cope or fail. However, efficient regulation of the market is necessary and the proactive techniques which have developed to meet this demand may have played a significant part in public rejectance of GM techniques in some countries. 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All About the Speed of Light and What It Measures

Light moves through the universe at the fastest speed astronomers can measure. In fact, the speed of light is a cosmic speed limit, and nothing is known to move faster. How fast does light move? This limit can be measured and it also helps define our understanding of the universes size and age. What Is Light: Wave or Particle? Light travels fast, at a velocity of 299, 792, 458 meters per second. How can it do this? To understand that, its helpful to know what light actually is and thats largely a 20th-century discovery. The nature of light was a great mystery for centuries. Scientists had trouble grasping the concept of its wave and particle nature.  If it was a wave what did it propagate through? Why did it appear to travel at the same speed in all directions? And, what can the speed of light tell us about the cosmos?  It wasnt until Albert Einstein described this theory of special relativity in 1905 it all came into focus. Einstein argued that space and time were relative and that the speed of light was the constant that connected the two. What Is the Speed of Light? It is often stated that the speed of light is constant and that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. This isnt entirely accurate. The value of 299,792,458 meters per second (186,282 miles per second) is the speed of light in a vacuum.  However, light actually slows down as it passes through different media. For instance, when it moves through glass, it slows down to about two-thirds of its speed in a vacuum.  Even in air, which is nearly a vacuum, light slows down slightly. As it moves through space, it encounters clouds of gas and dust, as well as gravitational fields, and those can change the speed a tiny bit. The clouds of gas and dust also absorb some of the light as it passes through. This phenomenon has to do with the nature of light, which is an electromagnetic wave. As it propagates through a material its electric and magnetic fields disturb the charged particles that it comes in contact with. These disturbances then cause the particles to radiate light at the same frequency, but with a phase shift. The sum of all these waves produced by the disturbances will lead to an electromagnetic wave with the same frequency as the original light, but with a shorter wavelength and, hence a slower speed. Interesting, as fast as light moves, its path can be bent as it passes by regions in space with intense gravitational fields. This is fairly easily seen in galaxy clusters, which contain a lot of matter (including dark matter), which warps the path of light from more distant objects, such as quasars. Gravitational lensing and how it works. Light from a distant object passes by a closer object with a strong gravitational pull. The light is bent and distorted and that creates images of the more distant object.   NASA Lightspeed and Gravitational Waves Current theories of physics predict that gravitational waves also travel at the speed of light, but this is still being confirmed as scientists study the phenomenon of gravitational waves from colliding black holes and neutron stars. Otherwise, there are no other objects that travel that fast. Theoretically, they can get close to the speed of light, but not faster. One exception to this may be space-time itself. It appears that distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than the speed of light. This is a problem that scientists are still trying to understand. However, one interesting consequence of this is that a travel system based on the idea of a warp drive. In such a technology, a spacecraft is at rest relative to space and its actually space that moves, like a surfer riding a wave on the ocean. Theoretically, this might allow for superluminal travel. Of course, there are other practical and technological limitations that stand in the way, but its an interesting science-fiction idea that is getting some scientific interest.   Travel Times for Light One of the questions that astronomers get from members of the public is: how long would it take light to go from object X to Object Y? Light gives them a very accurate way to measure the size of the universe by defining distances. Here are a few of the common ones distance measurements: The Earth to the Moon: 1.255 secondsThe Sun to Earth: 8.3 minutesOur Sun to the next closest star: 4.24 yearsAcross our Milky Way  galaxy: 100,000 yearsTo the closest  spiral galaxy (Andromeda): 2.5 million yearsLimit of the observable universe to Earth: 13.8 billion years Interestingly, there are objects that are beyond our ability to see simply because the universe IS expanding, and some are over the horizon beyond which we cannot see. They will never come into our view, no matter how fast their light travels. This is one of the fascinating effects of living in an expanding universe.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen