Smoke in the Air :: essays research papers

The Smoke in the Air hemp is probably the most debatable vegetation in register. It has been around for millennia in various forms and uses. However, its known mostly as a drug. In the Americas, its beginnings can be traced back almost 456 age when the Spanish first brought it with them in 1545 (Levinthal). Cannabis sativa or ganja, as its commonly known, is commercially valuable in the production of hemp rope, crude cloth, twine, shoes, sailcloth and containers (Levinthal, Keese). Notably, marijuana can be also be utilized in the development of medicines to ease a number of modern-day aliments. In ancient times, it was considered a coin crop. In the 20th century, however, marijuana is looked upon more as a narcotic than a plant that has commercial potential.The beginnings of marijuanas political life in American history can be traced as far back as 1915, when marijuana prohibition started on a local and statewide level, mainly owing to anti-Mexican sentiments (Bonnie 1). From 1932 to 1937, field consciousness of marijuana was brought about by anti-marijuana campaigns funded by the federal authorities in support of the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act (Bonnie 1). This resulted in the line of achievement of the Marijuana Tax Act. From then on marijuana hysteria escalated. The government enacted stiff penalties on most marijuana offenses, even simple possession (Bonnie 1). Marijuana possession became a felony in most states, until 1973, when Oregon became the first state to decriminalize marijuana. Since then the government has began to take a non-criminal approach towards discouraging marijuana use (Bonnie 1). Escalating marijuana consumption and its penetration in all levels of society, has forced every state to amend its penalties in some fashion or some other (Bonnie 1). Today, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada and Washington have joined Oregon by decriminalizing marijuana (Central News Network).Those opposed to marijuana in the past have met f ierce resistance from advocates for its decriminalization. The make do is rapidly becoming political. Marijuanas significance as a medicine is no longer an issue. The issue at present is whether or non the sanctions against marijuana are socially and economically viable to keep in place. As put by Richard J. Bonnie, author of Marijuana Use and Criminal Sanctions, "legislators must(prenominal) somehow weigh the benefits of criminal sanctions against their costs" (16). Marijuana should be decriminalized in order to minimize the social, legal, and economical repercussions suffered by the American humankind.Marijuana sanctions are affecting the American public in three ways.

The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum Essay -- essays research papers

The Lost repay of Katharina BlumKnowing about the writer of a literary text can shape significantly the way that it is read. take away the effect of the writers context on your understanding of The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum.As a writer of fiction Bll was interpreting history, creating patterns of meaning, club his material to enable his reader to make sense of it. The experiences of Bll and his values that arose from these events create been influential on the content and themes of Blls novel, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. Bll experienced both the first and second world wars and the effects that these wars had on German society. Events such as the economic collapse in Germany localize WWII, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the rise of student based urban terrorism in West Germany in the 1970s and the increasing state controls to contain such assert threats can be seen to influence the issues explored in The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. The novel is a comment on the press and the law, the labyrinth of social truth, the collision of feature and fiction and the authority of language. Bll himself experienced the press first hand and this along with the experiences of Professor Bruckner, form the basis of his criticism directed at the fibrous and hegemonic structures in society, in particular in relation to the police and the press and their corrupt relationship in the novella. Many of Heinrich Bll s views and attitudes, resulting form his context, argon clearly visible in the novella through the portrayal of certain characters in positive or negative lights. The historical, social, economic and political context of Bll and West Germany at this time (1900s) had a considerable effect on the issues Bll delves into in The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum and greatly affected my understanding of the novel. Germany has a deeply rooted history with fascism in the form of Nazism in WWII (1939-1945). Bll was a teenager at the time of Hitlers rise to po wer and he despised Hitler and everything that he stood for. I hate the war and all those who love it. Bll actively refused to join Hitlers Youth as a boy, yet as a young man he was forced to join Hitlers army. After the war, until the German Republic was formed, Bll lived under the affiliate Occupation. These events led Bll to view politics with doubt and skepticism and he became vehement abo... ... context that shaped Heinrich Bll, it becomes apparent to the reader that these conditions have greatly shaped the themes and ideas discussed in Blls, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. Main issues such as the corruption and collusion of powerful institutions in society, especially the police, press and industrialists have come through, with emphasis being placed on the misogynistic and patriarchal society and the effects this has on the treatment of woman, shown by Katharina. Bll brings his awareness of they way in which power and status are connected to wealth into the text and great ly condemns the abuse of power by the dominant groups in society, Bll had little combine in any moral renewal coming from political or ecclesiastical hierarchies. . Bll believed that the function of literature is to challenge the arrogant claims to totality do by all ideological systems . By incorporating his own context into his work, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, Bll leads the reader to a greater understanding of this time issue in West Germany, at the same time undermining the dominant systems and causing the reader to question and carefully examine power structures in society.

Alien And Sedition Acts :: essays research papers

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTSIn 1798, when Congress passed both the Alien and insurrection Acts, it was very much constitutional. These acts were definitely in the best interest of America. America was a significantly young nation, at the time, and could not afford to create problems caused by foreigners coming to America. They did not hold up enough national power to sustain order if everyone was attacking the tenderly created laws, and many of those rebels being citizens from foreign countries, nevertheless.These acts were, of no questions asked, ill-humored constitutional. The Federalist Party presented these acts, later consequently passed by Congress, because they were and fair and just laws in accordance to the nation at that time. For the sake of argument, the nation and brass was very inexperienced, and did not know what to expect in their near future. John Adams became the second president of the United States of America, subsequently, having to accept many challenges and re sponsibilities to fulfill the job in office. He had the occupation of making sure that the newly founded nation kept running smooth. That is a big burden if there are activities going on in the ground that one has no control, nor knowledge of (i.e. foreigners coming into the nation and starting trouble by disrupting the form of government, or having radicals trying to protest and perturb the running government in office-Federalists, at this time). John Adams was smart enough to realize the significance of these factors. Thus, taking his duty of President of ground forces seriously, he, along with the Federalist-controlled Congress, took action to protect the new country. Hence, were the creation and passing of the four, debate-causing laws (Naturalization, Alien, Alien Enemies, and Sedition Acts).These all made sense to be in effect for the time and date because many of the immigrants coming to the USA were Irish exiles (for plotting against British rule), British radicals, and F rench people (wanting to rebel against Adams). On these grounds, and many more, President Adams and the Federalist-controlled Congress had reason to believe that they had to protect their country from breathing in troubles. In view of that, the government was permitted to the authority of deporting or imprisoning any foreigner that he saw fit. This is a very sensible power that the president ought to have had back then, given the particular situation.They also were entitled to enforce such laws to protect against from just any, unintelligent foreigners from intruding in their country to vote and such for legally binding decisions of the nation.

The Slavery of the Millennium Essay -- Ethical Issues, Sex Traffickin

It is common ideology that slavery is a thing of the past. This is far from reliable sex trafficking is prominent all across the world on a massive scale and is the new form of slavery. According to the U.S. Department of State estimates that 560,000 women ar trafficked each year across international borders and forced into the sex industry. 34 Holman,M. 2008 Other non-government programs such a UNICEF have these numbers in the millions. 34 Holman,M. 2008 The really numbers of sex trafficking atomic number 18 unknown, but the problem is evident. The general world is unaware of the sex trafficking epidemic because the forced labor business is not solo inhumane it is well hidden. The business is kept underground due to the stigma associated with prostitution. Because of this most of workers of the business are from forced recruitment. 25 Samarasinghe,Vidyamali 2007 Sex trafficking is not only an issue over seas, it is also a problem in the United States a culture that glamori zes pimping and prostitution.31 Kotrla,K. 2010 This culture of tolerance, fueled by the glamorisation of pimping, is embodied in multiple venues of daily life, including clothing, songs, television, video games, and other forms of entertainment.Traffickers easily control victim of their trade by using techniques such as force, fraud, or coercion, including techniques such as confinement, beatings, rape, confiscation of documents, debt bondage, false owners of employment, and threats of harm to the victim or the victims family.30 Potocky,M. 2010 Once in the business, it is almost impossible for a victim to escape, and if they do they are not likely to come forward to authorities. There are four main ways out of sex trafficking enslavemen... ...ggling are often distressed as activities, and the police and immigration officials are ill-equipped to recognize and respond to the problem as one involving victims as well as offenders. (28) add to thisIf these simple changes are implemen ted to the standing sex trafficking legislation, mainly the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act implemented in 2000 failing in its attempt to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and quest after traffickers. The TVPA will be up for reauthorization in November 2011. As this quickly approaching, it is imperative the public is educated on the human exploitation that is often ignored. Sex trafficking is a global problem that can only be taken down by the help of a government that recognizes the weakness in its current policy. The victims and the public deserve better than the U.S. government has done thus far.

A View That Could Change the World Essay examples -- Reflective Writin

A View That Could Change the World The overall target of bringing up is to broaden students knowledge and understanding of the material studied and also their perspectives and views. Education should never end, but should be an ongoing process in which it is built upon by adding new entropy and new ideas to previous knowledge and past experiences. Another essential part of learning deals with the students social development. It is vital for students to learn how to act with their peers and adults and also how to be prepare in a way that is acceptable and suiting to the norm. This combined with learning the material given creates a formula for success in todays society. The reason education is so important is because education brings success in todays society. The more education, the more success, the better the job. You have to have some basic knowledge of what should have been learned early in your education to get any kind of job. Another reason educati on is important is for your own reasoning. You stick out take what you have learned to come to conclusions about your own personal beliefs and you can use what you have learned to play off your beliefs. In a sense, knowledge is power. A good aspect of education is it is something that can be achieved and can not be taken away by anyone. As a future teacher, I design to give my students a well-rounded education. I plan to use different teaching techniques to relay information in a way that volition be suiting to each students learning style. One of my goals is to have a developmentally appropriate curriculum where my students can learn on their level. I do not think anyone should be left behind teachers should make every effort to help... ...tential it is important for them to be primed(p) in an optimal evnironment. Since the childs environment plays such a role in their learning experience I agree with Maturationists in the immenseness of considering how the env ironment will affect each students learning. After receiving my degree in early childhood special education I plan to teach in the public school system until I retire. Possibly after a few years of teaching I will go back to school myself to receive a masters degree. From observing in the public school system I have seen a glimpse of what it will be like when I have my own classroom. Although I know that teaching can be a lot of work it also comes with galore(postnominal) blessings and rewards. When I weigh the pros and cons of teaching I find that the good far outweighs the bad and I look forward to teaching the children of America.

A View That Could Change the World Essay examples -- Reflective Writin

A View That Could Change the World The overall purpose of education is to broaden students fellowship and understanding of the material analyze and also their perspectives and views. Education should never end, but should be an ongoing process in which it is built upon by adding new information and new ideas to previous knowledge and past experiences. Another essential part of learning deals with the students social development. It is vital for students to learn how to interact with their peers and adults and also how to behave in a way that is delightful and conform to to the norm. This combined with learning the material croakn creates a formula for success in todays society. The reason education is so burning(prenominal) is because education brings success in todays society. The more education, the more success, the better the job. You have to have some basic knowledge of what should have been in condition(p) early in your education to get any kind of job. Another reason education is important is for your own reasoning. You can take what you have versed to come to conclusions about your own personal beliefs and you can use what you have learned to defend your beliefs. In a sense, knowledge is power. A sober saying of education is it is something that can be achieved and can not be taken away by anyone. As a future teacher, I plan to give my students a well-rounded education. I plan to use different teaching techniques to relay information in a way that will be suiting to each students learning style. One of my goals is to have a developmentally appropriate curriculum where my students can learn on their level. I do not presuppose anyone should be left behind teachers should make every effort to help... ...tential it is important for them to be placed in an optimal evnironment. Since the childs environment plays much(prenominal) a role in their learning experience I agree with Maturationists in the importance of considering how the environment will affect each students learning. After receiving my degree in early childhood special education I plan to teach in the public school system until I retire. Possibly after a few years of teaching I will go back to school myself to receive a masters degree. From law-abiding in the public school system I have seen a glimpse of what it will be like when I have my own classroom. Although I know that teaching can be a lot of work it also comes with many blessings and rewards. When I weigh the pros and cons of teaching I find that the good far outweighs the bad and I look forward to teaching the children of America.

A Report on E-Marketing Computers

This essay reports on the current activity in e- merchandise computers. It discusses the English language markets. in particularly in the US and UK.The three companies considered here argon Apple, Hewlett Packard (HP) and Dell, all regarded as notable exponents of e- merchandise. The conclusion drawn is that e-marketing alone is not as yet a viable strategy for this industry in general but it has been a successful burn down when marketing solely to incorporate customers.Industry BackgroundThe computer industry within the English-speaking world is made up of only a few suppliers of any coat. During 2005 the worldwide shipments of PCs grew in volume by over 16% according to IDC, and by 9% in terms of honour. The Austin, Texas firm Dell supplies more PCs worldwide than any other company 18.1% of the market against HP, the number two, at 14.9%.The next largest suppliers are Lenovo (ex IBM) at 7.7%, Gate means, Acer and Fujitsu/Siemens, each having less than 5%. All of these compani es computers use Microsofts Windows operating system. The core powerality they deliver to the user is therefore essentially identical.Apple Computer, which had slightly 3.5% of the world PC market in 2005, ships cmputers that run its own operating system MacOS. Whereas Apple sells most of its notebooks to individual users, Dell sells most of its product to corporate clients, as does HP but to a lesser extent.The Windows/PC world is one where prices continually decline while performance and hardware functionality improve. Hardware is manufacture almost exclusively in the Far East while software in the English Language markets originates almost entirely from the USA. Increasingly the actual compute function is organism treated as a commodity with only increased memory and faster performance as differentiators.This can be judge to change to a degree when (Vista) the next generation of Microsofts OS becomes deployed. At this time the study product differentiators tends to be graph ics performance, screen size/quality and connectivity options.The combined result under Vista should be a new emphasis on the entertainment functionality of the computer and its potentially growing value as a intra-household communications controller.Defining e-marketingBefore discussing e-marketing in this industry, we need to select a definition of marketing. One which will suffice is-Marketing is the process of homework and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. (Boone and Kurtz)A Google search for a definition of e-marketing produces the following results Moving elements of marketing strategies and activities to a computerized, networked environment such as the Internet. It is the strategic process of creating, distributing, promoting, and pricing goods and services to a target market over the Internet or t hrough digital tools. (aede.osu.edu/programs/e-agbiz/pageglossary/main.html)Any marketing effort that contains a website URL. This could range from direct mail programs, magazine ads, radio to business cards.E-marketing can be simply defined as Achieving marketing objectives through use of electronic communications technology. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-marketing)Of these definitions I prefer the last on the basis that e-marketing is still at such an early stage in its development that an all-embracing, detailed definition suggests the user is promoting e-marketing as a solution rather than describing it. Part of the objectives of this essay is to examine how many of the functions listed in the definition of marketing are equally viable for e-marketing.The Origins of E-marketingThe origins of e-marketing can be traced back to the 1990s to the era of dot.com companies who sought to place all of their promotional activities on the Internet. In those eld a distinction was drawn between traditional bricks and mortar retailers and on-line etailers- the dot.coms.Today, while there are still companies whose existence depends heavily upon the resources of the internet, few major companies follow the dot.com route. There has been a negative impact on such users as a result of the scores of dot.com failures.Unless a company using the dot.com approach succeeds in creating the impression that it is stable and financially sound, there are barriers to overcome to create trust between suppliers and the company, and between the would-be customers and the company. (The outstanding dot.com success drool is that of Amazon.com).This leads to a sense that it takes a viable, established bricks and mortar company which is already well-known to have an e-marketing system that will be considered credible. However it seems that all major and public companies now have some form of internet presence, a web page, even if its marketing functionality is limited to an email address for enqu iries to info, gross revenue or support.Why use the Term E-?E-marketing falls into a range of new variants of communication activities e-commerce, e-mail, e-learning, e-research, e-publishing. Essentially each of these terms describes a familiar function that can now be carried out using the communications medium of the internet. Just as a change of language can change the way the speaker expresses his thoughts and how the reader understands the message, so the use of a different communication technology can add to or subtract from the value proposition being presented.By the same token, it has been necessary for practitioners to learn how to use this communications medium to communicate their message, and to learn to understand how their messaging is perceived through this medium..

Tangled and Repunzel

One would believe that a pictorial matter based on a storybook would have the same plot. In comparing and incompatible the movie Tangled to the nobble story Rapunzel, one can find many differences and very a couple of(prenominal) similarities. Tangled was developed by Disney and has grossed 590 million dollars in the first year however, Rapunzel is notwithstanding a folk tale handed down through the years until it was finally written down in the 1800s. This is only the blood line of the differences. Looking closely at the plots, one can definitely see there is a difference in the deuce.In the following paragraph, the expositions of the movie Tangled and the short story Rapunzel will be compared and contrasted. In Tangled the parents were rich and lived in a kingdom. On the other hand, in Rapunzel, the parents were very scurvy and lived in a small house. In Tangled, Mother Gothel kidnapped Rapunzel for her magic gift, and kept her locked up in a tower and wouldnt let her set f orth. Every year on Rapunzels birthday, her parents, the king and queen, would light lanterns in the sky. They were hoping that one day, their lost princess would once again return.In Rapunzel, her parents practically traded her to Mother Gothel for stealing from her magic garden. Also in Tangled, Rapunzels hair is magic. Her hair glows and can turn a very old lady, to the youngest, and prettiest woman. In Rapunzel, her hair isnt magic or anything like that, its upright very, very long. Now, we will be discussing the rising actions of the devil stories. We will basically be stating their differences and similarities. In the movie Tangled, the guy that took her on her amazing journey was a poor thief. He was being chased, when he saw a mysterious tower.He then climbed that tower and thats how he met Rapunzel. In contrast, in the short story Rapunzel, he was a prince who heard her singing. He went searching for her, because her beautiful singing softened his heart. In Tangled, Moth er Gothel is evil and selfish. She could care less ab proscribed Rapunzel, basically all she cared about was staying young forever. On the other hand, in Rapunzel, she was actually trying to help Rapunzel by getting her away from her unstable family. As you can see, the rising actions of these two stories are very different.Next, we are going to be comparing and contrasting the climax of these two stories. In Tangled, in the beginning of the climax, Rapunzel realizes that she is the lost princess. Rapunzel is furious with Mother Gothel, and she states that she will never ever let Mother Gothel use her hair again. Mother Gothel is determined to never let Rapunzel leave the tower, even if Rapunzel cant stand her. Flynn Rider, the thief that Rapunzel met, was about to get hung for his crimes. He actually escapes, with the help of friends he met on his journey with Rapunzel.He gets to the tower, and climbs up it. He gets up there, and he then sees that Rapunzel is all chained up. Mothe r Gothel then stabs him, attempting to kill him. Rapunzel then promises to Mother Gothel, that if she lets her heal him, she will stay with her forever. When Rapunzel is and about to heal Flynn, he cuts all of her hair off. Rapunzels magic then fades, making Mother Gothel turn old and crusty. Mother Gothel falls out the window to her death at the end of the Climax. In the short story Rapunzel, Mother Gothel sees that Rapunzel has deceived her.Mother Gothel then cuts all of Rapunzels hair off, leaving her hair on the ground. Mother Gothel tricks the prince, leading him up the tower. When he finally goes in, Mother Gothel reveals that he will never see Rapunzel again. At the end of the climax, the prince is left heartbroken in tears. Now, the falling actions of the two stories will be compared and contrasted. In Tangled, Rapunzel returns to her family. The kingdom rejoices, because they now know that their lost princess has returned. In Rapunzel, the prince kind of lost himself.He w andered near the forest, and ate nothing but roots and berries, and only weeped over the loss of Rapunzel. He roamed around in misery for years, and then he finally came to the desert, where Rapunzel and her two twins she had given birth to, lived in wretchedness. He heard a voice, it sounded familiar to him. He went towards it, and when Rapunzel saw him she fell on his neck and cried. This ends the falling actions of the two stories. Next, the resolutions of the two stories will be compared and contrasted. In Tangled, Rapunzel and Flynn end up living happily ever after in the kingdom.In Rapunzel, the prince led Rapunzel to his kingdom where he was joyfully received, and they lived for a long time afterwards, happy and contented. Theres not much to the resolutions to these two stories. As you can see, the resolutions are a weeny similar, but mainly different. To end this essay, the movie Tangled and the short story Rapunzel, have two totally different plots. There were lots of dif ferences and very, very few similarities. They both have some of the same characters, but totally different stories behind them.

Should Juvenile Be Charged as Adults in Criminal Cases

Should new-fashioned Be Charged as Adults in twist Cases? Robert Horn Post University The purpose of the Adult Criminal Justice organization is to punish offenders according to the severity of the crime setted. The new-made justice outlines aim is to restore or mentor the fresh offenders, in the hope that they flowerpot prevent further crimes, and to variegate their behavior. The motivating principle of the puerile system is rehab. The reason for this is beca delectation teenageds be non fully developed, ment onlyy or physically.Many Juvenile offenders come from broken homes, been abused, or come from bad neighborhoods. Juvenile offenders need a second chance, because they fill not even received a first chance. Rehabilitation is the best option for them because of the way they would be exploited and turned into criminals if they were direct directly to prison. If given the chance, the Juvenile Justice System can aid in successfully rehabilitating youthful offenders so they are not inclined to reach future crimes. With this reasoning, juveniles cannot be blamed or accountable for their actions the same way adults are.The Justice System fulfills and master(prenominal) function by establishing standards of conduct. It defines what is right and defame for throng and removes them from the responsibility of taking vengeance out on those who wronged them, which deters the escalation of feuds in the community. The Justice System as well protects the rights of citizens by establishing and honoring the principle that freedom shouldnt be denied without a good reason. Rehabilitation does have its objective to return offenders to their communities as cured members of the society. Efforts in the 1980s and 1990s were unsuccessful.There was no unitary program that was to a greater extent effective in the effort to rehabilitate youthful offenders than any separate program. Because of this, a large portion of released offenders continued to return (Murphy 4 9). This led many plenty to believe that the best alternative was to simply remove offenders from the community, preventing vexation and exploitation. Because criminals are more often considered to be inclined to come out crimes than those never convicted of a crime, it follows that just about benefits will be derived from incarcerating convicted criminals.The potential of incarceration is great as a method of crime control if it is wholly a few hardened criminals who commit the most crimes. If those criminals can be identified, sentenced, and incarcerated for long periods of time, there would be a significant reduction in crime. Most supports of correctional reform have this calculate on the population of criminals. Blame for most of the crimes committed is most often place on a relatively few predatory, compulsive individuals thought to commit a large number of crimes each year (Newburn 54).The last and final finishing of this reform movement is reestablishing retribution. Retribution is the most moral of all punishable goals. There is an element of rage included because the victim deserves the right to be repaid with pain for the harm suffered. Justice is achieved when the punished given to the offender is equal to the lay down of harm coming from the criminal act. Consequently, social balance is reestablished and maintained within the society. When it comes to juvenile offenders, the rules are thrown out the window.There is a separate legal system for them and they are also categorized differently. By federal standards, any juvenile who is under the age of 18 who has committed a crime is a juvenile delinquent. This is a decision that society has made. Society believes that there are important and knockout differences between adults and juveniles. A one-size-fits-all approach is not wanted and will snitch the situation worse. Juvenile offenders are easiest to influence and are also the easiest to bend.It is believed that the actions a juvenile cr iminal might be influenced by outside sources such as neglect from parents, bad living conditions, or poor relationships with the family. Because of these concomitantors, rehabilitation is a popular and attractive option in dealing with juveniles. Many of the rehabilitation programs solicit that juvenile offenders with behavior problems meet with adult tutors to produce a stable, trustworthy friendship, which is expected to influence juveniles and to reduce their anti-social behavior (Maruna and Ward 33). Such a change in behavior is ade possible due to the trust and friendship between juvenile and adult who can listen and care about the problems the juveniles may have, a role model, good advice giver, etc. In such a way, these mentoring programs may play a part on juvenile crime reduction. The goal of rehabilitation is to create law-abiding behavior and to encourage juveniles to know the consequences of what they do and to become law-abiding citizens. It can be a challenging pr ocess because it requires the use of the proverbial carrot and stick. The use of coercion and socialization is seen in tyke rising.With young children, coercion is the only effective control. If a small child goes into the street, the child is disciplined and is t aged(prenominal) if he or she does it again, they will be punished again. These threats tend to be only effective when they are accepted otherwise, pot seek ways to bend the rules, or may blatantly disobey prohibitions. By sending such juveniles to prison my not prove to be an effective deterrent. Rather, it may be more effective to understand the socialization process of a juvenile, and try to re-wire it while the young person is still malleable.Vedder explains this To use sociological lingo the juvenile acquires the delinquent behavior as he does any other cultural trait of the cultural heritage passed on to him by his group conformist delinquency, stressing the fact the child becomes delinquent through conforming wit h the behavior pattern in his group (9) Positive adult guidance, understanding, and support can divert young offenders and also criminals from involvement in crimes and acts of disobedience and also to help them join in on the rules of and behaviors of local communities (Murphy 53).To put it another way what young offenders need are good adult role models. This can be found in quality rehabilitation programs. Most young offenders have started off on the wrong path, and they imitate the most irresponsible or abusive members of their social set or family. With proper guidance and role models, juveniles can begin to adjust their behavior. It is important to know that instead of looking at rehabilitation programs as a form of punishment, young offenders taking part of such programs should now that they are unforced and consider them a positive opportunity to change their lives for the best. Such understanding does not come at once. The rehabilitation process can be a long, with juvenil es provided with meetings, instructions, training and conferences. By providing juveniles with a positive adult role model, supervision, and continual training, mentoring programs aim to reduce the risk of a drift into numerous crimes. These of course, are not the exclusive means of rehabilitation.It may be suitable to mix a softer approach with detention in a Juvenile Center or to take similar action. The carrot and stick is again a key analogy. Detention applied to juvenile offenders has been debated for years. Its advocates argue that it would prevent crime by detaining those offenders that are credibly to re-offend (Russel 85). Its adversaries claim that it is unfair because it allows a judge to make a choice about a persons future behavior. Because no one can accurately predict behavior, particularly criminality, the chances of mistakes are large (Maruna and Ward 83).During the rehabilitation period, the type of sentencing most used is the inde vergeinate sentence. Legislature s have set wide ranges for sentencing, and adjudicate measure out minimums and maximums that have a wide range. This allows personnel in corrections the discretion of releasing offenders once they are reformed. No one other than correctional authorities cared for this system. Inmates did not like it because their release depended on the whims of the parole board, and the inmates never knew for sure when they would be released (Russel 61).Judges and the public did not like it because the prison term served was never the same as the actual sentence and was almost always shorter. Juvenile laws stipulate that if a young criminal committed a serious crime, they could be waived to the adult court system. The number of waived juveniles each year comes out to be around 8,000 (Deitch). This waiver system is used in all states still for Nebraska, New York, and New Mexico. The only time in these states when the waiver is applied is crimes that include murders or intentional killing of severa l people.After examining the case, judges decided whether the juvenile should be tried as a juvenile or an adult. There are new laws specifying set lengths of sentences for juvenile offenses that allow for modification of the time served base on circumstances associated with a given incident (Russel 66). In some cases, a youth offender gets sentenced to five years, but he or she is only 15 at the time, he or she will not be transferred to the adult prison. Law states that a young offender should be detained in a special jail with other offenders until the age of 18 (Murphy).While most young offenders are worthy of rehabilitation, society states that some are not. There are criminals of all ages who should be imprisoned due to the nature of their crimes. To say that the best way to deal with juveniles is to rehabilitate them is not to say that this method is perfect or will it work in every case. It is the best choice, due to the consideration of issues at hand. Depending on the sev erity of the crime, and the history of the offender, there are some instances where the age of the offender does not matter.In 2006, in Omaha Nebraska, Cameron Williams is facing up to 110 years in prison for second-degree murder attempts and also using a weapon to commit a felony. Cameron Williams is 16 years old, and is being charged in the adult courts due to his troublesome past and the serious nature of his crime. (Khan, 2010) In 1999, Lionel Tate, at the time 12, was the youngest juvenile offender in American history to be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Tate was charged for the death of a 6 year old while practicing wrestling moves on her.Such instances of these arrests show that depending on the severity of the crime, being a youth doesnt matter in sentencing. (Reaves, 2001) Rehabilitation is part of a policy for young offenders who have entered the criminal justice system. The policies and programs, which help juveniles to escape imprisonment , are parole and probation. Restriction of the opportunity for parole and probation are often accompanied by new sentencing legislation. Many states have made it difficult to be placed on probation for certain offenses and impossible for serious ones.Parole, which is defined as the qualified early release from prison under supervision in the community, has been restricted in many states. A return to determinacy and the abandonment of rehabilitation eliminates the need for parole, which, in theory, was designed to help the young offender prepare to reenter the community (Murphy 71). However, parole serves as another important function in controlling inmates in prison, and is one of the few rewards that can be manipulated. Because of this reason, many states have retained it.The Administration of parole has been changed so that the sentence rather than the paroling authority determines the date of the parole hearing. sound Behavior Credit for time served-receiving extra credit for time served while maintaining good behavior-is another form of reward used in prison to control the inmates. Because of the way it reduces the amount of time an individual will serve, and modifies the original sentence many states have considered eliminating it. However, heavy protesting against the legislation by correctional personnel has prevented its elimination.Young people are less responsible and more malleable than adults. Many juvenile offenders who break the law have come from broken homes and abusive families. Some have never received the support that they deserve. Because they are young, and have many years ahead of them, our society has chosen to separate them from adult criminals, and to make an effort to rehabilitate them. This makes senses, because the cost of retribution is simply too much in many of their cases, and the burden on the criminal justice system and our moral compass would be insupportable. ReferencesCrow, J. The Treatment and Rehabilitation of Offender s. Sage macrocosmations Ltd, 2001 Deitch, Michele, et. al. From Time Out to Hard Time Young Children in the Adult Criminal Justice System, Austin, TX The University of Texas at Austin, LBJ School of Public Affairs, 2009. Khan, K. (2010, July 12). Juvenile justice Too young for life in prison?. Retrieved from http//abcnews. go. com/Politics/life-prison-juvenile-offenders-adult-courts/story? id=11129594 Maruna, S. , Ward, T. Rehabilitation (Key Ideas in Criminology). Routledge New edition, 2007.Murphy, J. G. Punishment and Rehabilitation. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. Newburn, T. Criminology. Willan Publishing, 2007. Reaves, J. (2001, may 17). Should the law treat kids and adults differently?. Retrieved from http//www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,110232,00. html Russel, C. Alternatives to Prison Rehabilitation and Other Programs (Incarceration Issues Punishment, Reform, and Rehabilitation). Mason Crest Publishers Library Binding edition, 2006. Vedder, C. B. The Juveni le Offender Perspective and Readings. Random House, 2002.

Relational Database Management System (Dbms)

Running head TERM PROJECT Term Project and Proposal Name University Course Date of con take a leakity Abstract Business corporations often require summarized pieces of selective information in the form of pivot tables for efficient and strategic decision-making. However, the enforce of pivot tables poses certain data reposition problems especially in the light of the need to aim the formulas stored with data. This paper presents one data store situation where using pivot tables for summarizing data was unsuitable because the storage was done using a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, stored in XLS format.The project purposes to implement the data storage using a database circumspection governing body, in this case, Microsoft Access to manage the problem Purpose and goal of this project To develop an mitigated data storage governing body using Microsoft Access 2010 as the Relational Database Management system (DBMS) that would make generation of turn Tables and charts easy while proving other benefits to the business. The database will replace the Microsoft XLS file format for storing the data and the benefit of database normalization will be realized. This includes reduced data redundancy and enhanced manipulation of data for decision-making and presentation.Users and Administrators The database system shall have m any(prenominal) users. The database administrator, known as DBA in short, will carry the tasks of managing and documentation the database system through giving gateway rights to other users, acquisition of database resources, and coordination and monitoring of the users of the database. The actual developer or designer of this database would identify what important data needs to be stored in the database system, and select the appropriate database structures for representing the data in a relational model.The end users mainly query, generate reports, and update the database. This is where the sales manager belongs. We may as well as have par ametric end users who depend on pre-programmed tools for committing certain transactions using the database. This would be users like cashiers. Current data storage implementation A sales manager had stored some useful sales data in a spreadsheet format and wanted help on creating summary data and optical representation using charts. According to the sales manager, pivot tables could do the summary he needed b atomic number 18ly could not work out exactly how to bring home the bacon this.He used conditional formatting to ensure that cell backgrounds argon automatically colored based on the input value. He ensured that when an employee worked away from the office, he entered wa in the column for that employee on that day. When an employee worked at home, he entered wh, and when he/she was off-duty, he entered o against that employee. The problem with this data storage is that each employee is set up in a manner that one of the three statuses (o, wa, or wh) could be entered per day. Of course, this appears convenient enough for rapid data entry and pointing out the status of each lag each date.Nevertheless, this approach leaves each employee acting as an independent variable instead of varying values or classes of the variable Employee. The storage, for instance, disregards Al, Clara, or Joel as the Employee entity, not both. This is similar to storing data in a report generated from a database instead of storing such data in a database table. Consequently, this poses a challenge when attempting to summarize data by means of just one pivot table. This means the values for one employee do not relate to the other employee.Even though it is come-at-able to issue two employees, more than two employees represent a challenge in understanding their statuses and making summaries using a pivot table. Using a database to improve the process To develop an improved data storage system, we would store this data in one of the popular relational databases such as Microsof t Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or MySQL database management system. It would then become easier for the sales manager (user) to produce the desired pivot table and consequently the needed summary data to aid decision-making.This paper implements the resolving using Microsoft Access 2007. In this case, the table would have each Employee with the values such as Al and Clara, the Date with values like 1/05/2011, and the side with values o, wh, and wa. This would result in several enters per day but each record would represent only one Employee. With this form of normalization, it is possible and plain to lay down the desired pivot table. In fact, pivot tables generated from this normalized data would be able to answer questions like which employee worked away on a certain day of the month? Unfortunately, though, this data is stored in a way that the user would not be able to see or even use it at times. There are many benefits of using a database over spreadsheets for sto ring this kind of data. The hobby is a list of some of these benefits to the sales business and users * Database management systems provide for restricted access to * Databases help reduce or avoid data storage redundancy * Persistent storage of data structures and useful program objects like queries and reports * Databases help impose referential and standards Databases help in representing sophisticated relationship among vast amounts of data * DBMS provide for database backup and recovery Data elements to be involved entities and attributes This database system will center on capturing employee details with respect to whether they worked on a certain day or not, and if they did work, in which mode. The database will have each record represent a certain employee every day / date. The key table entities would be Employee, Date, and Status. Contents of that table may include Employee Number, Employee name, Employment Date, Age, Gender, Contacts, Job Title, Department, and retreat Age.These two tables would be helpful in producing the required information the sales manager needs for this project to know who worked on what data and the mode of working. In addition, this would help to know who took leave when and how many employees took off in a certain day or month for instance. This database would have so much but we restrict ourselves to Employee related details for the purposes of meeting the desired goal. The database programme The chosen database platform is Microsoft Access 2010 mainly because this is a simple but powerful platform for rapid prototyping of this project.It provides most of the functionalities enterprise level systems like Oracle provide and perhaps at higher levels it may be necessary to upgrade the database to Oracle, SQL Server, or MySQL. Database normalization and design of actual tables The process of database normalization deals with functional dependency issues in the design of a database. Normalisation aims at avoiding three anoma lises insertion, update, and deletion that any database may face. There are several normal forms but the first three are the most important.In this context, the Employee details regarding department and status of work are independent entities and require separate tables. This gives the first normal form. When every field is properly placed in such a manner that the handle in a single table directly depend on the primary key, this gives the second normal form. This is the level this project attained. The following are the key fields that would perhaps belong to a single table under the un-normalized form tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName Department Date WorkStatusThe first normal form would eliminate recurring values such as WorkStatus and Department column. The results in having two separate tables for recording employee details and attendance details as follows tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName tblAttendance AttendanceID (PK Autonumber) Da te WorkStatus tblDepartment (PK Number) DeptID DeptName The following Entity Relationship ride shows the interrelationship between the three table objects Employee, Department, and Attendance. There are three primary keys and two foreign keys.The primary key for table Department is tagged DeptID for uniquely identifying each department. The field takes a maximum of one digit (1 9) hoping the company does not have more than 9 departments. The field is auto-increment meaning it is auto-generated during registration of a department. The EmpID is the primary key for Employee entity and is Text with five digits e. g. 10874. The last primary key is the AttendanceID, which is auto-increment. The DeptID in tblEmployee is a foreign key to link tblEmployee with tblDepartment. EmpID in tblAttendance is too a foreign key for association with tblEmployee.This way, all the three tables are related and referential integrity and update integrity enforced. For the test data entered, the followi ng pivot table employs filters based on the mode of working wa, wh, or O. Filtering by wa gives Moreover, a query that displays every verbal expression of an employee by joining the three tables is show hereunder Documentation Double click the file Employee Attendance DB. accdb to open the database (Note file opens with Microsoft Excel 2007/2010 only. You may have to click on Options button that appear at the Toolbars section and choose Enable to run the application.Double click any of the objects to begin interacting with the object (Table, Query, or Form). To use a form to input data, double click the form and click right arrow key button at the lower section of the form labeled Next Record to add a new record. Clicking this button again saves the existing record. The navigation tool is shown hereunder This is a simple database system but caters for the needs of the sales manager in checking the attendance of the employees working in the department by using the query qryAllDetail s to generate a Pivot table showing the attendance of employees in the Sales department only, for instance.This is achieved by double-clicking the query right-clicking on the tab representing the open query selecting PivotTableView Selecting the appropriate fields from the PivotTable report List by double-clicking them and finally selecting Sales using the list-box under the heading DeptName in the generated PivotTable. There is much more power in using this database than is possible using Excel. References Maletsky, J. & Rafael, S. (2008). Microsoft Access 2007 Analyze Data with Pivot Tables. California Dash Designs Consulting

Motivation is the incentive to work Essay

Motivation is the incentive to pretend hence having a motivated workforce is vital for most businesses, since a highly motivated workforce can lead to higher rates of productivity, better quality output, and low rates of absenteeism and labour turnover.The main factors which, affect the motif of workers are pay levels, job security, promotional prospects, responsibility, working conditions, fringe benefits, participation in decision-making and working in a teamThere are deuce basic theories of motivation, satisfy theories and process theories. Content theories deal with what actually motivates people, what necessarily to be satisfied in order for workers to be motivated. Maslows hierarchy of require is an example of a content surmise. Process theories on the other hand deal with the though processes which affect the workforces behaviour. An example of this is staff at a attach to working on commission, e.g. their pay is directly affected by production or their sales.I hope to improve my understanding of the different theories and how these theories are use in real world companies.Abraham Maslows theory of human motivation was published in 1943. He based his theory upon his belief that actualisation was the ride force of human personality. His theory is a five-tiered hierarchy of of necessity, and is as such1.) Physiological call for These are the basic take to survive, food, shelter and warmth.2.) Security needs These are the needs for job security, security from emotional and physical harm.3.) Affiliation needs These are the needs for affection, belonging, acceptance and friendship.4.) Esteem needs The need for disdain and to gain therespect of others5.) Self-actualisation The need of a person to reach there fullpotential.Maslow believed that each level had to be fulfilled before the next level could be achieved, further erstwhile a level had been achieved that level no longer motivated, for example, hungry man may be desperate for food, but once he eats a good meal, the promise of food no longer motivates him.I believe since, this theory was written in the 1950s it is no longer as relevant, compared to when it was written, due to everybodys physiological needs are met, either by the government or by their job. Security needs are met in todays world, due to the fact that people cannot be unfairly dismissed, hence so long as they do there work correctly they are secure in their job. So these deuce factors are no longer motivational. Other than two levels becoming obsolete, I believe Maslows theory to be relevant to many companies in the business world, which in turn means that I believe Hertzbergs theory to be relevant to most companies in the business world.An example of a company to which Maslows hierarchy of needs is indeed relevant, is Asda. Physiological needs are provided by Asda, but as they are no longer a motivating factor, they are considered irrelevant, since if a person were to not have a job their physiolog ical needs would be provided for by the government. At Asda job security is provided in that, personnel, if Asda deems them, to be inadequate workers, are given an informal warning, and so three ex officio warnings, then a weeks notice would be given if theres no improvement.The affiliation needs of people are fulfilled by each Asda employee beingness given a buddy, which whom, problems, qualms, etc can be privately and confidentially discussed.The esteem needs of people are met by Asda having events such as an achievers lunch, at which, that months best worker from each department is invited to a lunch together. There are also other things like an award for talent the best customer service each month, departmental competitions and employees, if they have an idea to improve Asda, can break Tony, this is a scheme which, allows all Asda employees to participate in the running of the company.The prospect of self-actualisation is achieved by offering employees the opportunity for tr aining, promotion, which leave alone allow them to work their way up the job ladder, to their maximum potential.Douglas McGregors theory of the x and y managers was published in a book called The Human Side Of Enterprise, in 1960. His theory stereo casefuls all managers into two groups, type x and type y.Type x managers work on the assumption that all human beings have an inherent dislike of work and will forfend it if they can. Due to this they work on the principle of reward and punishment, or stick and carrot. McGregor believed that type x managers are lazy, obtuse, dislike responsibility and need to use manoeuver factors to motivate employees, such as pay. Theory x managers contradict, since it relies on employees needing only financial gain to motivate them. Theory x managers give only consideration factors, which, in Hertzbergs opinion do not motivate.Theory y managers are creative and aim to develop potential. They work under the assumption that condition and punishment are not the only way to get people to work. People will be more productive if they are committed to the aims of the organisation, and they will be committed if they have job satisfactionAsda attempt to use type y managers since, employees are encouraged to be creative, with ideas such as the tell Tony scheme mentioned above. But there is one outlying principle used by Asda, which, shows that management cannot be stereotyped, in that employees are financially punished, if they receive an official warning, in that they lose their bonus.Hertzberg theory is that there are context or hygiene factors and motivators or content factors. Context or hygiene factors do not motivate, but without them there would be dissatisfaction. These factors involve the work environment rather than what people actually do on the job. Context factors are, salary, supervision, security, working conditions and status. Motivators or content factors are factors, which, motive employees and involves what people a ctually do on the job. These are achievement, recognition, advancement and responsibility. As with Maslow the context factors, which are the same as the physiological needs and the security needs, have to be fulfilled before the content factors can be fulfilled, which are similar to the higher tiers of Maslows hierarchy, but it is separated into two tiers, rather than five.I believe Hertzbergs theory to be a modification of Maslows theory that is more applicable to the modern world, since modern or basic needs, no longer include only food, shelter and warmth, most people will consider a TV, car, etc, basic needs. These modern basic needs can be covered by Hertzbergs context factors. Asda use Hertzbergs theory, since it is a modern extension of Maslows theory, as I explained above.Taylor theory was not about motivation rather it was about specialisation, which had the same final result as motivation, increased productivity and efficiency. Taylor formed the basis for all the theorists with his display of the scientific approach to decision making. Taylors theory is still applicable to all professions, since he created specialisation, which is the basis of all modern businesses.Previous to Taylor creating specialisation workers had changed jobs erratically, so people never learnt how to do a job efficiently, but when Taylor introduced specialisation people only did one type of job, weaving for example, so they became skilled in doing that specific thing, so the production line was more efficient.During this assignment I have genuine a more though understanding of what motivates people and the theories developed to motivate people. Prior to completing this assignment I had failed to realise the importance of motivation.

Beautiful art

In my presentation paper am divergence to describe how the cheatistic movements of wee 1900s and the symbolism in Gustav Klimts motion-picture showPallas genus genus Athene of 1898. I will view the Artists artistic representation in classical mythology. Introduction. Gustav Klimt was an artist who was highly fire in the cleaning woman body rather than the essence of woman.From his works it is sort that he was so much interested in the feminist in the egg-producing(prenominal) body. To him the female person body was nighthing to look at and was not egotism sufficient. It is seen from his earlier drawings that the aspect of shame was absent.It is in addition evident that only his paintings were designed for the general public. An theoretical account is the painting of the kiss made in 1907/08. In this painting Klimt does a mates that is bound up. We can see various shades of gold and symbols. The couple is sharing a kiss against a bronze background. The male figure is dep icted dominating the female and he is holding her face to bestow a kiss. The couple is situated at the edge of an escarpment that is highly flowered. The man is dressed in neutral colored rectangles and has a crown made of vines.The woman has a brightly colored tangent circles and her hair is full of flowers. I can interpret here that the painting shows the beauty, unity and in the long run selflessness that a couple can build when they first kiss. It is all about the combining forces and the unity of two. On the other hand we argon going to wee-wee a look at Klimts other painting famously know as Pallas genus Athene. In this painting we see a total differentiate of what Klimt enjoys doing rather prefers doing. The female perception is very different from what we get from the previous painting.Sexuality of a woman or hetero informality is none of the makeups in this painting. This research is going top so much dwell on the mythology behind this painting, Pallas genus Athene, an d the iconography that is employed in the similar. We are going to attempt to answer the question what is the unequaled thing that is depicted in this painting? Why did Klimt sway from his frequent theme? What is the female picture in all about in these painting? why does Klimt seem fascinated by mightinessful, threatening and dangerous female figures? Main Body Overview of the Goddess genus AtheneThe cult of genus Athene existed since time immemorial in Greece. Myths regarding this goddess were oftentimes rewritten to adapt the different cultural changing times in ancient Greek traditions. Between 42and 347 B. C. E one of the Greek philosophers, Plato,made identified This goddess with the Egyptian deity and Neith the Libyan deity as a goddess of hunting and war. This was during the early times referred to as predynastic. With time philosophy was applied with cult and hence genus Athene was referred to as the goddess of comprehension. This happened during the fifth century.Sh e was also represented as the patroness of crafts and weaving, famously known as Athena Ergane. It his believed that she initiated the creation of metals. She is perceived to have had light over the pat in gradeigence of some of other figures e. g. Oddysseus. At most times she is accompanied by Nike, who is a goddess of victory who in established icons, as we shall see later, offers Athena an extended hand. And she is also attended by an snout. In late myths, Athena wears a goatskin breastplate which is believed to have been disposed to her by genus Zeus her father. The goatskin breastplate was known as the Aegis.In most works she is seen with a helmet and a entertain bearing the head word of Gorgon Medusa who was referred to as the goddess Gorgoneion and was the hallmark of the early goddess cult in Greece. This shield as we shall see later is believed to be a votive gift of Perseus. We also see that a serpent is always accompanying the goddess and is shown at the can of the staff of her lace. in that respect exists a less in frequency of association of ships, horses as well as chariots with this goddess. Athena is believed by Greeks as a goddess who is a helper of the many other gods and goddesses including Heracles, Oddysseus and Jason.She is also believed, accoding to the classical myth of the Greeks as a goddess without a lover, hence the name Athena Parthenos. A synonym of this is Athena the virgin. thither exists an antediluvian myth that she was the mother of Erichthonius who she conceived by an attempted rape of Hephaestus, which as said to have failed. Another variation story of the serpent, also Erichthonius, learn that he was born to Gaia the earth, when the rape to Athena failed and the semen landed on Gaia. Gaia became pregnant and after giving birth he was, the serpent, given to Athena by Gaia.In performing her roles and one of them being the protector of the city, she is also referred to as Athena Polias, meaning Athena of the city. S he is believed to have had a special family with Athens. This is because of the etymological connection that exists in the names between the goddess and the city. Mythology of Athena Her birth According to Robert Graves an his book, the Greek myths he tells us about some of the early myths of Athena. She is believed to be a goddess who originated from Libya. Her worship to the Greeks came after the visitation of Crete as early as 4 000 BC.It is clear from his book that Hesiod (700bc) had a strong relation of Athena as a parthenogenesis daughter of Metis. Metis is a representation of wisdom or knowledge. He is a Titan who is believed to have ruled the planet hydrargyrum and the fourth day. Other variants argue that Zeus became the consort of Metis when his cult became dominant is said that Zeus swallowed Metis so that she could not bear any offspring. And also to cancel prophesy when change occurred that Metis was greater that Him. It was further believed that Metis was already pre gnant.Metis is believed to have given birth to Athena and natured her inside Zeus. It reached a point when Athena finally broken from Zeuss forehead. The Olympian version of the birth of Athena It is believed according to this version of Athena birth, that she was a remade favorite daughter of Zeus. Where she was born fully arm from the swallowing of her mother, who was pregnant at the time. The story of her birth is seen in several versions. One of the commonly cited versions states that after Zeus had laid with Metis, who was perceived as the goddess of wisdom, thought and crafty, he immediately feared the consequences.He feared that Metis would eventually bore heirs who would be more caterful than himself. So as to avoid these consequences Zeus decided to swallow Metis all of a sudden. This happened when it was already too late and Metis had already conceived a child. Finally it is believed that Zeus was ion great pain and one of the many gods Hephaestus, Palaemon among others, depending on the source cut Zeus head with a double headed axe, Minoan in nature. Athena finally leaped from Zeus head and she was fully grown. She was also armed and made a out loud shout of war.Ouranos heard Athena cry and was so trembled with fear. According to Plato, the Minoan culture of Crete was a source of the cult of Athena, from which saw the dawn of the Greek culture. It is also believed that, Hera, got so annoyed at the time. Apparently because Zeus produced a child by his own. She forced herself into conceiving and bearing herself a child. The child was known as Hephaestus. It is tell that Metis never bore any child after this incident. Therefore Zeus retained his supremacy in reigning in the mountain of Olympus. Greek myths became unruffled at this point.The Pallas Athena story One of the major origin stories of Pallas Athena involves her mysterious epithets. There is belief that there existed a break in entity called Pallas who is invoked and it is not really def ined whether he is Athenas brother, sister or opponent. They are engaged in a fight and finally Athena wins and takes the name for her. . Gustav Klimt and Pallas Athena Gustav Klimt was born in Vienna on July 14 1862. He was an Austrian symbolist painter. Klimts main subject was the female body He is a product of a time when great change was taking place.This great change was known as a self indulgent metropolis(Comini page 6). During this period people were listening what was known as Strausss operas. They were occasionally debating over sex made by Freud wherein startling postulations were. There existed a famous association during this time whose philosophy was known as to the age its art and to art its freedom. Klimpt belonged to this association. He had both talent and message. Klimt thereof decided that he was going to take eroticism to a step least expected by people of that period.As we can read from Comini page 8 we can clearly see that Gustav Klimt was a man who really wa nted not anything les than personal freedom. He had a strong desire to denounce establishment. He once said. Enough of censorship.. I want to get freeout of all these unrefreshing absurdities that hinder my work, and get back to freedomI denounce everything. He is seen from his art work that he was a man who was highly provocative. His works are seen to be alluring. His works had different themes ranging from beauty themes to haunting themes.He is seen as one of the most brilliant erotic artists of all time. In his art works and especially the human psyche we can see that he has expressed the inside contained fears and longings of man. His work portrays a contrast of several aspects of humanity e. g. combi republic of beauty that is extremely imaginable and horrid ugliness at the same time dualism of love and fear insufferability of evil and hopefulness of good. Klimt has utilize natural figures and natural backgrounds at the same time to manifest the interplay within the above aspects.He has richly used sumptuous jewelry e. g. gold and startling color to give a beautiful touch to his works. Among his paintings are the ravishing paintings of beautiful women, sprawling figures in unbroken movement and demonstrations of demons of the unconscious mind. Gustav Klimt has applied the use of classical myth iconography as a derivative of antiquity in his many images of Athena. It is evident that Klimt took his stirring from the sixteenth century water jar or the famous Attic-style hydria during those times. This work has an innovative aspect of iconography.It is neither godlike by classical myth or tradition. Klimt is inspired by the spirit of creative conflict. I will discuss this aspect using his 1898 painting known as Pallas Athena. Athena or sometimes called Pallas was a goddess of ancient Greeks. She was believed to be a war goddess. The Romans also referred to her as Minerva and placed her in the third position after Jupiter and Juno who were also their gods. The Greeks and Romans worshiped her as the goddess of craft in both weaving and spinning. According to mythology she was a favorite daughter of Zeus, the greatest of the gods in Greek.She was usually shown dressed in a helmet and in her hands a spear and shield. She also wore a goatskin breastplate that bore magic powers unspoiled like her father. The breastplate, fringed with several snakes, was believed to produce thunderbolts when shaken. She was also believed to be a representation of the civilized and intellectual aspects of war unlike the war god Ares. The Greeks believed that Athens was capable of protecting all the cities and states. According to this myth it is clear that Athena possesses a curious genderless power.It is why one is go forth to wonder, is she male or is he male? Maybe her myth persona is just uncertain. To the normal people and maybe non-Greeks war and wisdom might look like strange mindmates of Athena. But it is just fascinating how this persona wor ks in her In his painting Gustav Klimt presents the image of Athena as a different persona since classical antiquity. She is outstanding among his other paintings of the famous femmes. It is unlike the other femme fatals e. g. Judith that was done in 1991 and Danae 1907-8 that expressed so much the overwhelmingness in their sexuality.Klimt was so much interested in the divinity in Athena than her sexuality. Maybe, to Klimt, divinity is the catalyst role those power plays in sexuality. This might be true since over the time it has been found that power is an ingredient to sexual stimuli in human behavior. It is also been found that sexual desire and the desire for power are strongly connected. This posses Athena, an asexual Greek goddess, as Klimts most goodish female art figure. He appears to have followed the myth iconography at a fairly strict manner in the Pallas Athene 1989 painting.In his painting we see all the primary and secondary attri butes. There is the helmet, an owl, a egis with gorgoneion and the spear. There is an aspect of originality in this painting because of the accomplishments he has done with these images. He has made many statements with the enigmatic nature of this painting. We can derive the division of less romance and more symbolism in Klimts classicism. Klimts adoption method is seen to have evolved from whole figures and objects used by artists in the 18 through to the 19th centuries.In his subsidiary decoration Klimt has used a remarkable combination of objects. He has successfully merged past and present into a wiz synthesis. It seems ironic the way Klimt brings up the concept of archaism in this painting. Previously in some of the art works, Athena bore almond eyes an archaic smile and wavy eyebrows. Klimt ensures that there is the philosophical aspect of an older icon bearing greater value than the present icon. He exercises deliberate archaism. He attempts to hack back to the older heavier model possessed by the goddess who was highly and truly worshiped than later.Klimt gets a Homeric trope from previous representation of Athena in kidskin of Zeus of the Aegis and The grim goddess and adopts the iconography in them. It is also possible that Klimt deliberately chose a helmet that is of a particular Corinthian period for Athena. This helmet seems as an extension of Athenas head where we see the parting of her coppery hair following from the bronze. This division seems like it was solely activated by mental prowess that is divine oriented. It is evident therefore from this art work that Klimt portrays Anthena as a personified source of power but not as a lover.We can see some aspects of dimensional in Klimts work. He has so much prioritized the importance of eyes and this can be seen as scale of sightedness. There is the aspect of mortality in the painting this can be seen in the left hand side of the painting where the human female is seen on a two dimensional black figure background. We can not see the goddesses eyes in this side of the painting. On the right hand side of the painting is Herakles and Triton-Achelous who are wrestling. They are presented on a two dimensional background. This is a representation of the goddess Athena, in a more flop position than the heroic Heracles.Athena is very powerful such(prenominal) that the monster Medusa and Gorgon, that could turn mortals into stones, is reduced to a bronze ornament on Athenas breast. We can also see from the painting that Bobus the owl possesses clear eyes that are nocturnal and look like they belong to a human being. They seem like they have been given an animation power by the goddess. These eyes have a very powerful power of penetrating the darkness. And finally we can perceive that the eyes of the goddess are more powerful and full of life. This brings out the immortality and three dimensionality in her as a goddess.In his work, Pallas Athena seems to be more frightening. One is left to wonder, what is the dreadf ul figure is it the goddess or the monster? We can see that both faces have been filled with coppery hair. I can say that this shows the aspect of full divinity in Athena as compared to the partial divinity in the monster. Actually Athena is a portray of an epitome of apotropaism. She is not a simple goddess who we can oppose in mind or weapon. She is not a mere mask that is designed to chase away evil but she is seen as the real thing. She is seen by a viewer as a friend, a companion maybe.She possesses strong eyes that look so right with a mortal. She is a figure of strength and wisdom and one is obligated to worshiping her. Another major theme that can be derived from Klimts painting is the power of the goddess authority over politics and culture. It is seen from the bottom left corner of the painting that there stands a nude woman that has a mirror of modern man. In the right background is Hercules who looks like a wrestles Triton. Klimt presents Athena with unbridled red hair a nd a golden helmet. She is emerging from a bluish shadow which is a femme fatele Klimt which Klimt was fond of painting.On his chest is a medusa head that extends its tongue in ridicule of the failures of succession of power. Another theme from the Pallas Athena painting is the theme of Struggle against ignorance. His iconography in this painting is not just an order but imposes the reality of punishment at the hands of sunken eyes and naked female fatales. Though in a deep but yet spaceless world, the victim of justice is seen consumed by a polyp that is womb like. There is an unmasking of law and a fair judgment as an instinctual retribution and in words respectivelyThough mythological imagery was largely implied by Klimt in his painting it is evident in Pallas Athena where we see the goddess possessing very powerful eyes which are also stiff. This stance in Athenas face is very compelling. There is juxtaposition of the Asiatic face and the classical Greek figure which is excelle ntly presented. Mythological imagery was a frequent topic of Klimts oeuvre. I find the glaring eyes and stiff, powerful stance of his Athena to be quite compelling. I love the juxtaposition of the classical Greek figure in the background with the vaguely Asiatic face on her breastplate.Summary Gustav Klimt is highly comprehended as one of the greatest decorative painters of the 20th century and an art Nouveau at the same time. He has a place in erotic art through his artistic themes of the female sexuality in the female figure. George Fliedel comments that there is no denying that erotic represented one of Klimts most important sources of inspiration. But in Pallas Athena is a totally different representation of the female fatele. His use of iconology is Klimts representation of Athena as the goddess of wisdom who is a representation of an embodiment of enlightened philosophy.This representation is designed to impart light to the Austrian nation which is politically and socially ra vaged . The Austrian nation was so much in the spiritual and cultural darkness. It is no wonder Klimt decided that the ignorance of people would be subjected to confronting illness of Viennese society through a pictorial concept. He often presented simultaneous ideas that there was a possibility of escaping from the demoralized situation and a possibility of attaining an ideal existence within themselves. induction Gustav Klimt was a highly renowned symbolist artist of the symbolism period.He used to major on the female figure as his central figure for art. He mostly painted and drew the female sexualism as his theme. But it is evident from his representation of the female figure Athena, a goddess of the Greek people, that he had nothing to do with erocism when he was doing this painting. He has implemented iconography to represent the different myths as perceived by the Greece. At the same time he is addressing the modern world and tries to tell people, through his painting, that we should embrace the present in as much as the past was there.Vast themes are ranging from feminine power and wisdom through to the general theme of ignorance and judgment. He remains among us though long dead through his works that gives us life teachings. If he were here today, maybe he would have done one of those themes, politics, which have always done the women proud. Maybe Hillary Clinton as Millennium Athena or what is your opinion? References 1. Mark P. O Marford, Robert J Lenardon, Graeco-Roman mythology Oxford University Press, 2002. 2. Herbet Jennings Rose, A handbook of Greek Mythology Routledge, 1991. 3.Carlos parade, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology P A Stroms Forloag, 1993. 4. Lucilla Burn, Greek myths University of Texas press, 1990. 5. Gilles Neret, Gustav Klimt 1862-1918 Taschen, 2000. 6. Colin B, Bailey, Gustav Klimt Modernism in the making Harry N Abrams Art, Modern, 2001. 7. Tatjana capital of Minnesota Gustav Klimt Rizzoli International publications, 20 01. 8. Nina Kransel, Gustav Klimt Prestel Publishing Artists, 2007. 9. Gabriel James Worth, Pallas AtheneA book of Attic GreekUniiversity Press,1928 10. Karl Kerenyi,AtheneVirgin and MotherA study of Pallas AtheneSpring Athena(Greek Deity)

An Information Communications Technology Solutions Essay

interrelated communication theory (UC) is a commonly used stipulation for the integration of disparate communications systems, media, devices and practical applications. This potentially entangles the integration of fixed and mobile voice, e-mail, instant messaging, desktop and advanced government note of work applications, Internet Protocol (IP)-PBX, voice over IP (VoIP), presence, voice-mail, fax, audio video and vane conferencing, unified messaging, unified voicemail, and whiteboarding into a single environment offering the drug user a more complete but simpler and more effective experience.Gartner states The largest single rate of UC is its ability to reduce human latency in business processes. Unified Messaging (or UM) is the integration of different streams of communication (e-mail, SMS, Fax, voice, video, and so forth ) into a single, or, unified typeset across store, accessible from a variety of different devices. Unified Messaging was expected by many in the con sumer telecommunications industry to be a favourite product, first augmenting and eventually replacing voicemail.However, UM was slow to gain consumer acceptance, and UM vendors such as Comverse were badly hit when the slowdown in the telecommunications industry in 2001 made carriers suspect of spending large amounts of money on technology with little proven consumer demand. Role of UM in Present Scenario Today, UM solutions are increasingly accepted in the merged environment. The aim of deploying UM solutions generally is to enhance and improve business processes as well as services. UM solutions targeting professional end-user customers integrate communications processes into the existing IT infrastructure, i. e.into CRM, ERP and mail systems (e. g. Phoenixnet PH, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes, SAP, etc. ) Unified communications is sometimes confused with unified messaging, but it is distinct. Unified communications refers to a real-time delivery of communications based on t he preferent method and location of the recipient unified messaging systems culls messages from some(prenominal) sources (such as email, voice mail etc. ), but holds those messages for retrieval at a later(prenominal) time. Unified messaging focuses on allowing users to access voice, e-mail, fax and other mixed media from a single mailbox independent of the access device.Multimedia services hold messages of mixed media types such as video, sound clips, and pictures, and include communication via short message services (SMS). Components of unified communications Unified communications can include a variety of elements, such as instant messaging, telephony, video, email, voicemail, and short message services, all of which could be brought into real time and coordinated. The concept of presence is also a factor knowing where ones intended recipients are and if they are available, in real time and is itself a key component of unified communications.To put it simply, unified commun ications integrates all the systems that a user might already be using and helps those systems work together in real time. For example, unified communications technology could allow a user to seamlessly collaborate with another person on a project, even if the two users are in separate locations. The user could quickly locate the needful person by accessing an interactive directory, engage in a text messaging session, and then escalate the session to a voice call, or even a video call all within minutes. In another example, an employee receives a call from a customer who wants answers.Unified communications could enable that worker to access a real-time list of available expert colleagues, then make a call that would reach the necessary person, enabling the employee to answer the customer faster, and eliminating rounds of back-and-forth emails and phone-tag. The examples in the previous paragraph primarily describe individualised productivity enhancements that tend to benefit the individual user. While such benefits can be important, enterprises are finding that they can achieve even greater impact by using unified communications capabilities to transform business processes.This is achieved by integrating UC functionality directly into the business applications using development tools provided by many of the suppliers. Instead of the individual user invoking the UC functionality to, say, find an appropriate resource, the workflow or process application automatically identifies the resource at the point in the business activity where one is needed. When used in this manner, the concept of presence very much changes. Most people associate presence with IM buddy lists the status of individuals is identified.But, in many business process applications, what is important is finding someone with a received skill. In these environments, presence will identify available skills or capabilities. This business process approach to integrating UC functionality can res ult in bottom line benefits that are an order of magnitude greater than those achievable by personal productivity methods alone. According to the International Engineering Consortium, unified communications is an industry term used to describe all forms of call and multimedia/cross-media message-management functions controlled by an individual user for both business and social purposes.This includes any enterprise informational or transactional application process that emulates a human user and uses a single, content-independent personal messaging channel (mailbox) for contact access. The essence of communication is gaolbreak down barriers. In its simplest form, the knell breaks distance and time barriers so that people can communicate in real time or near real time when they are not together. There are now many other barriers to be overcome. People can use many different devices to communicate (wireless phones, personal digital assistants PDA, personal computers PC, thin clients, etc.), and there are now new forms of communication as well, such as instant messaging. The goal of unified communications involves breaking down these barriers so that people using different modes of communication, different media, and different devices can still communicate to anyone, anywhere, at any time. Unified communications (UC) encompasses several communication systems or models including unified messaging, collaboration, and interaction systems real-time and near real-time communications and transactional applications.

Hamlet: The Controversy of Ophelia Essay

During the Elizabethan period women were not known to live with important roles in society. They followed men and devoted their lives to their men . Women didnt birth much say or play pregnant roles in society. It was military personneldatory for them to obey a dominant code of ethics that prescribed chaste, silent, and obedient reincarnation women (Pebworth 76). This stereotype stayed consistent for hundreds of years to come and has carried on through different generations, reaching the point where it has get traditional.In Shakespeares play, hamlet, his character Ophelia is a victim to this stereotype. Many feminist reading this play would disagree with or dislike the actions of Ophelia, stating that she is much weaker than the real character of a female. (Ophelia a beautiful young adult female who is regularly involved in conflicts but doesnt know how to solve them or stand up for herself. ) She continuously turns to men for advice who basically control her life and alter h er decisions. Shakespeare makes Ophelia consist of only unmatched sound trait, her beauty.She lacks authority and self-respect because her male influences instruct her life and ultimately drive her insane which eventually leads to her suicide. end-to-end the play, Ophelia has her panoramas and statements recast for her by other characters namely, Laertes, critical point, and Polonius who wish her to behave in a manner they deem appropriate. To imply just one example, upon hearing from Ophelia that Hamlet has been courting her, Polonius recasts Ophelias view of the relationship as one in which Hamlet ruthlessly exploits her naivete so that he may conquer her sexually,(Peterson 24.)Strangely enough, her familiar and aim advise her about her relationship and without any consideration about her own feelings or opinion she follows their advice which is more so instruction. Laertes says, Perhaps he loves you now and now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch the virtuousness of his w ill but you must fear, his greatness weighed, his will is not his own. , (I,III 14-17. ) Laertes harshly tells Ophelia to not have high expectations for Hamlet because his love will not last since he is at such a high position as Prince. Ophelia listens and obeys her brother.After Laertes leaves, Polonius talks to Ophelia about Prince Hamlet. Set your entreatments at a higher(prenominal) rate than command to parle for Lord Hamlet believe so much in him that he is young, and with a larger tether may he walk than may be given you in hardly a(prenominal) Ophelia, do not believe his vows, for they are brokers (I,IV 123-127. ) Polonius also tells Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet, she replies I shall obey, my lord,(I,IV 135. ) Her brother and father seem to form a dictatorship to control Ophelias life. She helplessly follows their commands. Hamlet is quite frustrated at the fact that Ophelia obeys her father.He makes the comparison of Gertrude marrying her fallen husbands brother and O phelia choosing her fathers side instead of going with her instinct. He makes the conclusion that all women are defenseless and worthless. Later in the play, Ophelia suffers from Hamlets act of antic disposition. Hamlet verbally abuses her and severely hurts her emotionally. According to literary critic, Amanda Mabillard, Ophelia is incompetent of defending herself, but through her timid responses we suck inly see her intense suffering. Hamlet rudely claims that he never love Ophelia. HamletI did love you once. /Ophelia Indeed, my, lord, you made me believe so. / Hamlet You should not have believed me I loved you not. /Ophelia I was the more deceived, (III, 1, 115-120. ) Not only does this hurt Ophelia emotionally but Hamlets act of insanity drastically confuses Ophelia. Polonius believes Hamlet is madly in love with Ophelia but Hamlet admits that he never loved her at all. Another example concerns Hamlets false madness. by means of it, he gives unrestrained vent to inward pain regarding moral corruption, regardless of the shattering effect of his linguistic communication on his auditors.Indeed, Ophelia becomes the primary victim of such onslaught, (Levy 53. ) Hamlets act of insanity contradicts the idea of him be in love with Ophelia. Now that Poloniuss assumption has been proven wrong, Ophelia has no one to turn to for advice. Since she was so accustomed from receiving advice from her brother and father she is lost and nearly clueless about what to do. Ophelia is driven to more perplexity as her conversation with Hamlet proceeds Get thee to a nunnery, why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest ,(III, 1, 122-123.)After Hamlet tells Ophelia he never loved her and needs nothing to with her, he then tells her to go to a nunnery. In further meaning, he doesnt want to be with her but he doesnt want anybody else to have her. This indicates Hamlets true feelings for Ophelia which he is hiding through this act of insanity to sid e track the people who were told by Claudius to investigate this act. much(prenominal) as Polonius, Claudius, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern. This leaves Ophelia hurt and puzzled about the situation. At this point Ophelia doesnt know what she wants nor what Hamlet wants.She has no idea why Hamlets behavior has changed so abruptly. Everything that was in her favor has reversed, causing a state of depression. Later in the play, Hamlet accidently kills Polonius mistaking him for King Claudius. Ophelias depression drastically increases, she is heartbroken, terrified, and distraught. The man she loves killed the man who was the main structure of her life. She is completely lost. The tension of these events begin to take a toll on Ophelia. Hamlets act of insanity actually creates a sense of insanity within Ophelia.It is clear to see that Hamlet had the most affect on Ophelia. Later she is enclosed in a aggrandize room, she sings songs, rhymes, and riddles about death he is dead and gone lady, he is dead and gone, at his head a grass-green turf, at his heels stone. (IV, 4, 37. ) Ophelia sings and shows signs of joyfulness as a way of mourning her fathers death, instead of cosmos sad. Her madness is very apparent, she is very much insane, she john no longer cope with the rest of society. With no structure and a broken heart, her life goes through a drastic change.She goes from a normal lifestyle to a confused and emotionally damaged life. She then reaches the point of severe depression and insanity which causes her to make it a different state of mind. The character Ophelia never gains a true identity, she is influenced by the men in her life. The choices she makes reflect their desires. By them making her decisions and criticizing her actions she never actually gets the chance to live her life. She lives accordingly to the men. Later, Ophelia is found dead in a brook. Many will say that this proves her weakness of dealing with adversity.However, her suicide was ultimately caused by the males who she interacts with throughout the play. Their commands and actions cause stress and emotional pain which breaks down who Ophelia is as a person. Frankly she can no longer deal with these circumstances. She is not driven insane because of a weakness in females, Hamlet, Laertes, and Polonius pulverise her life, slowly but surely.Works CitedText Roberts V. Edgar, and Jacobs V. Henry. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing. New Jersey Pearson bringing up Inc. , 2007 Electronic Hamlet Ophelias Death. Scribd. 11 Marchhttp//www.scribd.com/doc/33947/Hamlet-Ophelias-Death

Rock Music and Free Time

Without harmony life would be a mistake My hobbies are singing and dancing. Regarding the most usual hobbies, people like playing basketball or football, reading, stamp collecting, etc. However, I love to heed to music and also to sing. I hold up a large and superb collection of tracks and I take heed to all kinds of music. My collection ranges from hip hop music to rock and from blues music to rap. My hobby is audition to these songs carefully and then to learn them. I sit with a piece of paper and a penitentiary while I write down the lyrics of the songs that I hear.Then I hum along and soon I know the tunes too. I switch off the Black Berry recorder and then I shit to be the singer myself. I sing the song exactly it was sung by the playback singer. I some meters succeed and I sometimes fail. Once I step that I sing perfectly I tape my own voice. When I listen to the recording I am objective and try to visualise my faults in singing. This helps me to improve my singing and I feel confident and thrilled. Whenever I go to a party, my friends stoop me to dance. Once I begin, the party livens up, people join in and the place is filled with the sound of music.I feel proud of myself and my friends also praise me because they feel that I become the life of the party. I listen to music and I sing every day when I go to school or when I have a free time in school. My hobby makes me happy and at least brings joy to my babe and friends. In my opinion, it is necessary that everybody have a hobby. It educates people they give their pleasure, and help them to use his free time fruitfully. If a person has no hobby, he will turn him free time into something useful? From my particular of view, if I were you I would listen to music every day.

Development of the Ancient Roman Navy Essay

Naval warfare was considered a second thought to most ancient popishs. It never carried the same prestige as that of a legionary. Before the beginning treacherous War the papist naval forces blue consisted mainly of allied ships and a a few(prenominal) Roman ships that had crews that were very inexperienced. When entering the First punic War they realized they needed to develop a navy to match the superior treacherous eliminate. The fleet that the Romans had before the war would never check any(prenominal) naval battles.In building their navy, the Romans were able to use their resources, their allies resources, as well as approximately ingenuity to help overcome their naval weaknesses and defeat the perfidiouss in the First treacherous War. The Romans lost galore(postnominal) fleets and sailors by means of pop out the course of the war precisely their persistence and determination ultimately helped them prevail. In the beginning, capital of Italy founded colonies to leave coastal defence as opposed a naval force to police the shores of the surrounding territories. They apply the warships and crews from naval allies, freed manpower, and marines from lowest class eligible for military service.Romans dominated the sea by gaining possession of the land. wedded the limited range of ships, this was an effective strategy. Ships were only constructed as a last solution to a military caper. As soon as a victory was achieved, the ships were left to wither and the naval needs were met by relying on allies. It was Romes success on land that made such indifference nigh naval battles. However, if in that location was ever a need for naval battle, their small navy could never withstand such a task. There was very minimal naval conflict between Rome and its enemies tether up to the First Punic War.Once the Punic War began they k in the buff the only shot they had to defeat Carthage was to construct a navy that would rival that of the mighty Carthagi nians. In order to rival Carthages navy, they would need a design for their ships, a way to build them and people to man them. The ships were make based on a sunken Carthaginian quinquereme off the west coast of Sicily. The Romans past set out to build one hundred quinqueremes and thirty smaller ships such as triremes (Sage 285). Quinqueremes were the heaviest ship of the time.They had three banks of oars and clxxx oars. There were two people on the upper oar and one on the lower oar. The trireme had 170 oars, there were three banks of oars and there was one rower per oar (Mitchell). They were able to gather the necessary resources from Rome and get the ships built or borrow from naval allies. The crews were assembled from naval allies, freedmen and marines from the lowest class eligible for military service. The navy was never held in the same esteem as legionaries so they never got the same quality of recruits.This king to give their resources was divulge in helping in creat ing the future of the Roman navy. The Romans lack of any skill on the sea should have cost them the naval battles of the First Punic War exclusively that was not the case. The Romans invented a device to essentially create land battles on the sea. This device was called a brag or the raven. Polybiuss description of the crowing and how it was used is as follows a round pole stood on the prow of the ship sixteen feet high and about one foot in diameter.It had a block on its top and roughly it was placed a embarkation bridge made of crossed planks nailed unitedly which was four feet wide and twenty four feet long. There was an oblong hole in the bridge, which was placed around the pole twelve feet from its end. There was a knee-high railing on each side of the boarding bridge and at its end was fastened an iron object shaped like a seal pointed at one end with a ring at the other end so that the entirely apparatus looked like a device for grinding grain (Polybius)The corvus p roved vital during the First Punic War, especially at the Battle of Mylae.It would be swung around and brought down hard on an oppositeness ship. Then the troops would charge over the plank two by two. The first two men nourished the rest by raising their shields. The men behind would place their shields over the railing and protect from the sides. The Romans captured the first thirty two ships that attacked them. The rest of the Carthaginians then approached and saw the devastation that the corvus had done. They turn to chastise and attack the sides or stern of the Roman ships but the corvus was able to turn and attack from unlike angles.After seeing this, the Carthaginians fled in fear after what had happened and after losing fifty ships (Polybius). The Romans won a peremptory victory through the use of the corvus and made their presence known on the Mediterranean. The Romans ingenuity through creating the corvus is very clear and helped through the early development of the Ro man navy. Though the corvus has umpteen positive features, some of its negative features were starting to come about as the Romans started to sail more and farther. The corvus was placed at the bow of the ship so it made the vessel unstable during rough weather.As a result, most of the casualties of the First Punic War were at the hands of Mother Nature as opposed to the Carthaginians. This, and the Romans inexperience at sea cost them heavily as they lost 284 ships in a storm off the outer coast of Sicily. They had lost a lot of ships and only had 80 remain at the time (Tarn 53). However, Romes success came from its superior manpower resources which allowed it to man new fleets disdain these sever losses. To prove the Romans determination, they built a fleet of 200 ships. This did not go without disaster either.Another storm cost the Romans 150 brand new shipsin 253 BC off the Lucacnian coast and subsequently the Romans lost their only major naval defeat of the war in 249 BC whe n a surprise attack failed at Drepana. Thirty Roman ships were able to escape but 93were captured (Tarn 54). The Romans appeared to have given up on their naval efforts. It looked as though Carthage ruled the sea formerly again. No ships were being built and the Romans were sticking to the land the tactics that they knew best. However most of the Romans naval losses can be attributed to bad luck and inexperience on the sea.By 242 the Carthaginian General, Hamilcar Barca, had enjoyed success in Sicily and by now the Romans felt the war had dragged on for too long. They were determined to retrovert to the sea and finish the Carthaginians once and for all. There was one problem though. The Roman treasury was empty and they had no money to spend on building another fleet. The government then turned to the wealthy citizens of Rome and begged for money to build a new fleet. The wealthy agreed in a sign of patriotism and they went ahead and successfully financed construction on a fleet t o end the war (Rickard).This shows the Romans determination, persistence and ability to utilize the wealth of Rome. The Romans felt they didnt need to repeat what had happened with the corvus again so they omitted it from their new ship designs. This resulted in the Roman ships being much lighter and much more manoeuvrable then the Carthaginian ships. The Romans met the Carthaginians in 241 BC where they cut them off at the Battle of the Aegates Islands. The Carthaginians ships had very inexperienced crews as they were newly enlisted men who had just signed up for this battle.They couldnt handle the heavy and unwieldy Carthaginian ships with their lack of skills and experience. Similar to the way the Romans were before the beginning of the First Punic War. The Carthaginians were commanded by Hanno and the Romans were commanded by Catulus. The chip was predictably one sided as the Romans captured 70 ships and sunk 50 ships. Hanno was subsequently executed for his failure in this bat tle. After the Battle of the Aegates Islands, Hamilcar was allowed to negotiate terms of surrender. The terms included money to pay for the newly constructed fleet and no Punic war ships were allowed in Italian waters (Rickard).The Romans were victorious and the Punic War came to a close. Through fierce determination to rebuild the Roman Navy in 242 BC and their ability to conciliate their ships to the new circumstances led to a Roman victory and a strong development of the Roman Navy. The development and redevelopment of the Roman navy during the First Punic War shows a number of qualities that were key to Roman domination in the next centuries. Their adaptability and ability to make a strategic assessment of the Carthage navy and how to overcome it was very important in leading to a victory in the First Punic War.Through their determination and persistence they were able to learn from their mistakes and overcome what had cost them their early losses. It was the Romans ability to utilize available resources to reconstruct their destroyed navy. They also came up with a creative solution to a problem of attacking ships to help benefit their strengths of hand to hand combat. This was a very strong development of the Roman navy and led to their stranglehold on the Mediterranean for the majority of the next centuries. In fact, during the Second Punic War, Hannibal abandoned his once powerful Carthage fleet to focus on conquering by land.The victories in the sea bred confidence in the Roman navy. They were able to bring the battle directly to the Carthaginians and take it out of Italy. With the nett destruction of Carthage and the end of the Third Punic War, Rome was the master of the Mediterranean. This as a result trim down any threat of a naval power and the navy had reached its height (Gabriel). In conclusion, the First Punic War was the spark that set off the Romans to put a lot of time, resources and manpower into developing and redeveloping their navy to become the super power that it was.